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Ch. 13: Liquids & Solids

Ch. 13: Liquids & Solids. Meniscus: the curved surface of a liquid in a container (A could be water and B could be mercury) – see below. Adhesion vs. Cohesion. Adhesion – the attraction of a substance for other substances (the walls of its container, possibly)

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Ch. 13: Liquids & Solids

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  1. Ch. 13: Liquids & Solids

  2. Meniscus: the curved surface of a liquid in a container (A could be water and B could be mercury) – see below

  3. Adhesion vs. Cohesion Adhesion – the attraction of a substance for other substances (the walls of its container, possibly) Cohesion – the attraction of a substance for itself

  4. Properties of liquids • Capillary action. Capillary tube meniscus Mercury Cohesive is larger than adhesive. Water Adhesive is larger than cohesive.

  5. CH3CH2CH2 CH3CHCH2 OH OH OH CH2CHCH2 OH OH OH Properties of liquids • Viscosity • Resistance to flow. • This increases with increased intermolecular attractions. • Also, liquids composed of long, flexible molecules can entwine, resulting in increased viscosity - motor oil. Increasing viscosity

  6. Properties of liquids • Surface Tension • Force in the surface of a liquid that makes the area of the surface as small as possible. Molecules at the surface interact only with neighbors inside the liquid.

  7. Properties of liquids • Vaporization • The formation of a gas from a liquid. • At any temperature, at least a few of the molecules in the liquid are moving fast enough to escape. after some time molecules leave and Re-enter liquid at the same rate equilibrium initially

  8. Dynamic Equilibrium Equilibrium • A state where the forward and reverse conditions occur at the same rate. I’m in static equilibrium.

  9. Vapor Pressure and boiling point • Equilibrium vapor pressure • The pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with a liquid. • It depends on: • the intermolecular forces in the liquid. • temperature. • It is independent of: • the volume of the liquid or vapor • the surface area of the liquid

  10. Boiling point of water at various elevations City Elevation BP (oC) San Francisco Sea level 100.0 Salt Lake City 4,390 95.6 Denver 5,280 95.0 La Paz, Bolivia 12,795 91.4 Mount Everest 20,028 76.5 Boiling Points • Boiling point - temperature where the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. This is the reason that cake mixes include high altitude baking instructions.

  11. Heating Curve

  12. Phase Diagrams supercritical fluid region Pc liquid solid Critical point pressure Tc gas temperature

  13. Phase Diagram of H2O

  14. Phase Diagram of CO2

  15. T1 Ea T2 Fraction of molecules Having kinetic energy T3 Kinetic energy Boltzmann Curve • As the temperature is increased, a higher fraction of molecules will have a kinetic energy that is greater than the energy needed for a phase change. T1 < T2 < T3

  16. Allotropes of Carbons • Allotrope: different forms of the same element • Repeating units of covalently bonded carbon atoms. Graphite

  17. Networks of Carbon Diamond Buckminster Fullerene www.answers.com

  18. Carbon Nanotube

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