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ITEC 352

ITEC 352. Lecture 23 CPU analysis. Review. Pipelining Long Short Bubbles Branches Efficiency. Outline. CPU History Evolution. Intel 8080. 40 pins How does this compare w/ your breadboard? 7 registers 78 instructions 65,536 bytes of addressable memory Programmable stacks.

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ITEC 352

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  1. ITEC 352 Lecture 23 CPU analysis

  2. Review • Pipelining • Long • Short • Bubbles • Branches • Efficiency

  3. Outline • CPU • History • Evolution

  4. Intel 8080 • 40 pins • How does this compare w/ your breadboard? • 7 registers • 78 instructions • 65,536 bytes of addressable memory • Programmable stacks As described in the manual

  5. Registers • A-H or 0-7 • A was the accumulator (where results were stored) • Pairs • Some instructions required certain registers to be used • I.e. B and C would be used for a certain instruction • Has a PSW (1 byte) in register A that stores the state of the machine

  6. Memory • 64k possible memory (2^16) • 8 bit cpu (no direct way to handle 16 bits) • Stack pointer • Programmer maintained • Instruction augmented • Program counter • 16 bits to tell CPU where to get next instruction • Instructions could be 1,2, or 3 bytes • Cautions against storing data and instructions together

  7. Addressing • Direct • Uses a register • Immediate • Instruction then address in memory • Stack • Convention for first / second places to get memory (pairs)

  8. Assembly • Style • Label Code Operand ;Comment • Data • Hex, Binary, Octal • Instructions • +,-,*,mod,and,or,not,shr,shl,xor • mvi register address • jmp address All arithmetic operations assume 2s complement format

  9. Assembly(2) • DW,DB,DS • Define a place in memory • MOV, LDAX, STAX (Load/Store register A) • CMP = Compare register / memory w/ register A • DAD • The double add (16 bit on an 8 bit) • Many others, but same complexity level

  10. Stack • push registerPair • pop registerPair • inx register (increment pointer) Put / Store registers / memory

  11. Capabilities? • What can a 2 Mhz CPU do? Not an intel CPU. However 1.76Mhz and ~15 MMapped registers

  12. GFX

  13. Pentium 1

  14. Pentium 3 P3

  15. i7 CPU

  16. Takeaway • CPU development is amazing • Double edged sword • When and why to goto low level

  17. Summary • CPU

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