Exploring Planetary Sciences: Solar System Formation

1. EVERYBODY TURNS SOMETHING IN ON CANVAS!!! Where do I turn in my project?!? • 1st period – Mercury Lab Table • 2nd period – Venus Lab Table • 3rdperiod – Mars Lab Table • 4thperiod – Jupiter Lab Table • 6th period – Saturn Lab Table • 7th period – Uranus Lab Table Put your worksheet in the basket near violet

2. Complex Knowledge: demonstrations of learning that go aboveand above and beyond what was explicitly taught. Knowledge: meeting the learning goals and expectations. Foundational knowledge: simpler procedures, isolated details, vocabulary. Limited knowledge: know very little details but working toward a higher level. • Understand how our view of the solar system has changed over time and how discoveries made have led to our changing our view of the solar system. • Learn planetary characteristics such as number of moons, size, composition, type of atmosphere, gravity, temperature and surface features. • Understand the movement of planetary bodies. • Understand which planetary characteristics are more important than others when it relates to our understanding of other worlds. • Understand how proximity to the sun influences planets. • Understand the methods and tools scientists use to learn about other planets and moons in our solar system. • Understand the conditions needed for a habitable world and determine if there are habitable worlds in our solar system or outside the solar system. • Understand how we look for and study solar systems other than our own.

3. Last Week’s Question: • How can we determine the location and movement of planets in our solar system?

4. Formation of the Solar System

5. This Week’s questions: • What events and materials were necessary to form our solar system? • How do planets differ from one another and why? • Are all planets created equal?

6. Mass and Gravity (and diameter)

7. Time for math

8. Density

9. Use the planet info sheets to • Find DENSITY for each planet • Find 2 patterns in the solar system • Record any ideas in your notebook

10. Use the planet info sheets to • Find DENSITY for each planet • Find 2 patterns in the solar system • Record any ideas in your notebook

11. g/cm³

13. g/cm³

14. g/cm³

15. g/cm³ 3

16. g/cm³ 3 cm3 cm3

17. 3

18. 3

19. 3

21. 1 g/cm³ 3 2 4 5 3 6 7 8 9

22. Use the planet info sheets to • Find DENSITY for each planet • Find a pattern in the solar system and the anomaly • Record any ideas in your notebook 10

23. Use the planet info sheets to • Find DENSITY for each planet • Find a pattern in the solar system and the anomaly • Record any ideas in your notebook

24. Formation of the Solar System

25. Any model of Solar System formation must explain the following facts: • All the orbits of the planets are prograde (i.e. if seen from above the North pole of the Sun they all revolve in a counter-clockwise direction). • All the planets have orbital planes that are inclined by less than 6 degrees with respect to each other (i.e. all in the same plane- ecliptic). • Terrestrial planets are dense, rocky and small, while Jovian planets are gaseous and large.

26. Lets get more specific • Any model must explain that • Directionof orbital motion is the same as direction of Sun’s rotation • Directionof most planets’ rotation is also the same as the Sun’s • Planetary orbits all lie in (nearly) the same plane • Planets are relatively isolated in space • Planetary orbits are nearly circular • Most moons’ orbits are also in the same direction

27. Modeling Planet Formation (cont.) 7. Solar system is highly differentiated 8. Asteroids are very old, and not like either inner or outer planets 9. Kuiper belt, asteroid-sized icy bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune 10. Oort cloud is similar to Kuiper belt in composition, but farther out and with random orbits

28. Statistics of our Solar System • Sun contains 99.8% of the total mass of the solar system • 74% hydrogen • 24% helium • 2% all other elements • Metals - 0.2% • Rocks - 0.4% • Ices – 1.4% • Light gases - 98%

29. Modeling Planet Formation • Solar system is evidently not a random assemblage, but has a single origin. • Planetary condensation theory, or Nebular Theory seems to work well. • Lots of room for variation; there are also irregularities (Uranus’s axial tilt, Venus’s retrograde rotation, etc.) that must be allowed for by the model.

30. Nebular Theory/Solar Nebular Disk Model • Nebular theory is the most widely accepted model explaining the formation of the Solar System. • First proposed with evidence by: Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and  Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1734 • Originally applied only to our own Solar System, this method of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. • The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular theory is Solar Nebular Disk Model (SNDM) or simply Solar Nebular Model.

32. Step 1 –formation of a star • stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). • matter coalesces through gravity to create smaller denser clumps • Continue to collapse to form proto-stars that will eventually end up as brand new stars!  • Sun-like stars usually take about 10-50 million years to form

33. Why did the gas cloud suddenly collapse? • We have no clue • May have been a passing star near the gas cloud • We think it was a nearby supernova shockwave that smooshed up the gas against itself

34. Pinwheel Galaxy –21 mly from Earth

36. Step 1 –formation of a star • star formation produces a gaseous proto-planetary disk around the young stars Why? • As the gas cloud collapses it starts to spin and flatten out • Think Figure Skaters and Pizzas • formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation

38. Step 2 – form terrestrial planets • Proto-planetary disks are accretion disks which continue to feed the central star.

39. Step 2 – form terrestrial planets • But, If the disk is massive enough, accretions begin in outer areas as well • small dust grains and rocks are plentiful and coagulate into kilometers-wide sized planetesimals

40. Step 2 – form terrestrial planets • rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. • Planets take around 100 million to a billion years to form • the planetesimals go through violent mergers, producing a few molten terrestrial planets.

42. Gases don’t condense into ice but instead get blown outward by the solar wind

43. Step 3 –form the gas giants • beyond the “snow line” planetary embryos begin to form and are mainly made of various ices. • Now you can also use things like frozen methane, water and ammonia

44. Step 3 –form the gas giants • Also several times more massive than the inner part of the disk so there is more material • Ices stick together better than rocks, so they grew in size more efficiently • formation of giant planets is a more complicated process

45. The Nebular Theory https://youtu.be/PL3YNQK960Y

46. This accounts for the other solar system stuff too… • Moons • Comets/icy planetesimals • Asteroids • Dwarf planets • Kuiper belt & Oort cloud objects • Rings

47. Canvas