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Chapter 23 Acids, Bases, and Salts

Chapter 23 Acids, Bases, and Salts. Have you seen these?. Section 1: Acids & Bases. Acid - (H+) removed in H 2 O. Properties of Acids. Taste sour Corrosive and can burn skin React with litmus paper: red to yellow. Common Acids. Foods contains acids Citrus fruits  citric acid

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Chapter 23 Acids, Bases, and Salts

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  1. Chapter 23Acids, Bases, and Salts

  2. Have you seen these?

  3. Section 1: Acids & Bases Acid - (H+) removed in H2O.

  4. Properties of Acids • Taste sour • Corrosive and can burn skin • React with litmus paper: red to yellow.

  5. Common Acids • Foods contains acids • Citrus fruits citric acid • Vinegar, or acetic acid, is in pickled foods 2. You have hydrochloric acid (HCl) in your stomach.

  6. Common Acids • Four acids vital to industry. • Sulfuric acid - used in car batteries and the manufacturing of fertilizers • Phosphoric acid - used to manufacture detergents, fertilizers, and soft drinks • Nitric acid - used to manufacture fertilizers and explosive • Hydrochloric acid – used to clean steel

  7. Bases Base - forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. Compliments or opposites of acids

  8. Properties of Bases • Many are crystals • Feel slippery • Strong bases are corrosive • litmus paper turns blue-purple

  9. Common Bases • Ammonia & Sodium Hydroxide - are used in cleaners, fertilizers, rayon, nylon • Magnesium Hydroxide - medications • Aluminum Hydroxide – color fast fabrics

  10. Solutions of Acids and Bases • Acid describes compounds that can be ionized in water to form hydronium ions • Base describes compounds that can form hydroxide ions in solution • Solutions of acids and solutions of bases are electric conductors to some extent

  11. Discussion Questions • Why should a person never use taste testing to identify an acid or a base?

  12. Answers • Acids and Bases can be corrosive and cause damage to tissue • Sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, hydrochloric

  13. Section 2 Strength of Acids and Bases The strength of an acid or a base depends on how completely a compound separates into ions when dissolving in water

  14. Strong Acids and Strong Bases • A strong acid ionizes (or loses H+) almost completely in solution • A strong base dissociates (or forms OH-) completely in solution • Equations for strong acids and bases use a single arrow indicating ions are formed • Strong acids and bases conduct more electricity than weak ones

  15. Weak Acids and Weak Bases • A weak acid/base only partly ionizes in solution • Equations for weak acids and bases use double arrows pointing in opposite directions, indicating an incomplete reaction • Dilute and concentrated are terms to describe the amount of acid or base dissolved

  16. pH of a Solution • pH - a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution or how acidic or basic it is • pH lower than 7 = acidic • pH greater than 7 = basic • pH exactly equal to 7 = neutral

  17. pH of a Solution • pH is determined by a universal indicator paper or pH meter • Buffers – solutions containing ions that react with additional acids or bases to minimize their effects on pH.

  18. Discussion Question • Is a strong acid the same thing as a concentrated acid? Why or Why Not?

  19. Answer • Not necessarily the same; strength refers to ionization in a solution while concentration refers to the amount of acid or base dissolved

  20. Section 3Salts

  21. Neutralization Chemical reaction between an acid and a base taking place in a water solution Hydronium ions from the acid combine with hydroxide ions from the base to produce neutral water

  22. Salts • Salt - compound formed when the negative ions from an acid combine with the positive ions of a base • Salt is essential for many animals • Other salt uses include manufacturing of paint, rubber, glass, soap, detergents, and dry cell batteries

  23. Titration • Used to determine the concentrations of an acidic or basic solution • A solution of known concentration is the standard solution • An acid/base indicator is added to an unknown solution • A color change that is constant is the end point.

  24. Soaps and Detergents Soaps • Are organic salts with polar and nonpolar ends. • The nonpolar, hydrocarbon end interacts with oil and dirt • The polar end helps oil and dirt dissolve in water Detergents • Form more soluble salts with the ions in hard water

  25. Esters • Come from alcohols that are not bases but have a hydroxyl (-OH) group • Esters are used in fruit flavorings and perfumes • Polyesters are synthetic fibers used to make fabrics

  26. Discussion Question • What are two ways salts can form?

  27. Answer • When an acid and a base combine their negative and positive ions • When an acid reacts with a metal

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