Learning

1. Learning

2. Psych Immersions? (Connections to something else in psychology, another text, or your world.) • Critical questions from the reading?

3. Agenda • Drug Homework Review • Review Dream analysis • Discuss Dream Theories • Article group work jigsaw/discussion • Review Grades • New unit introduction

4. Read article, underline highlight, take notes on relevant points of the article • What are criticisms or flaws in this theory? • How can you use this to help with your project? • Share your article in a group.

5. Psych Immersions? (Connections to something else in psychology, another text, or your world.) • Critical questions from the reading?

6. Agenda • Immersions • T/F “warm-up” • Learning Terms • Classical Conditioning Terms • Classical Conditioning Demo • Pavlov and Watson Experiments • Classical Conditioning Term Practices • Annenberg Video “Learning”

7. Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience. • Distinct from performance • Performance is an exhibited behavior • Performance can indicate learning but doesn’t always

8. Types of Learning we will discuss • Classical Conditioning • Operant conditioning • Social Learning

9. Classical Conditioning • http://www.rosswalker.co.uk/movie_sounds/sounds_files_20100522_76672091/jaws/jaws.wav

10. Unconditioned Stimulus: Shark • Unconditioned Response: FEAR • Conditioned Stimulus: Jaws Theme Song • Conditioned Response: FEAR of song • Technically second order Classical Conditioning because we are conditioned to be afraid of sharks… so really sharks are a CS

11. Classical Conditioning • Defined: learning that takes place when an originally neutral stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response because of its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

12. Classical Conditioning Terms • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An event that produces or elicits an automatic or unlearned response. • Unconditioned Response (UCR): an automatic or unlearned response/reaction that is preceded or elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. • Neutral Stimulus (NS): a stimulus that does not elicit a response prior to learning • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an original neutral stimulus that had been paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. • Acquisition: repeated pairings of the CS and the UCS. • Conditioned Response (CR): a response/reaction elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

13. Demo Time! • Volunteer? It involved wearing a trash bag and goggles… and getting wet… • Fill in your observations as we go through. • Identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR • Then give examples of stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction and spontaneous recovery.

14. Pavlov’s Dogs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho&feature=player_embedded • Identify the UCS, UCR, CS an CR in Pavlovs experiment. • Why did Pavlov vary the stimuli used to elicit the conditioned reflex in dogs?

15. John B. Watson/Little Albert (1913) • Present baby with rat, no fear • Begin pairing rat with load bang (steel bar and hammer) • Loud noise elicits fear and crying • After several pairings he associates the rabbit with fear and cries at the sight of it. • Generalization occurred: according to some reports Albert became fearful of all furry objects: rabbits, dogs, Santa Claus • Proved that emotional responses could be conditioned and that classical conditioning applied to humans too. • Ethics questions since the conditioning was not extinguished.

16. Applications of Classical Conditioning • Treating Phobias • Flooding • Continuous exposure to the fear-evoking conditioned stimulus to eliminate the conditioned response • Systematic Desensitization • Exposing patients to a series of approximations to the anxiety-producing stimulus rather under relaxed conditions until the anxiety is extinguished. • counter conditioning • Pairing the fear-evoking stimulus with a pleasant stimulus to reverse the effects of the phobia

17. Annenberg intro to Learning • http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/08/e08expand.html

18. Psych Immersions? (Connections to something else in psychology, another text, or your world.) • Critical questions from the reading?

19. Agenda • Immersions • Operant Conditioning Terms/notes • Schedules of reinforcement • Learning Video Annenberg • Learning Questions will help with review • Next class: open ended quiz on classical and operant conditioning

20. Operant Conditioning • The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments • In classical conditioning the response to the stimulus was automatic. In operant conditioning the participant operates on the environment to gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.

21. Big Bang Theory- Operant Conditioning • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4

22. Edward L. Thorndike (1898) • Animals placed in puzzle boxes • String pulled, latch released, animal jumps out and receives food • Learning by random trial and error • Law of Effect – Thorndike’s principle that responses are “stamped in” by rewards and “stamped out” by punishments.

23. Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again. Yale University Library

24. Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again. Yale University Library

25. Operant Chamber The operant chamber, or Skinner box, comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal’s response.

26. Operant Conditioning Terms • Reinforcement: any stimulus that makes a behavior more likely to occur • Primary Reinforcer:Aninnately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink. • Conditioned Reinforcer:A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer. • Punishment: any stimulus that makes a behavior less likely to occur

27. What Skinner found • All behavior can be explained in one of four ways: • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Positive punishment • Negative punishment • Discuss “Skinner Squares” • Come up with your own examples

29. Reinforcement Schedules • Continuous Reinforcement:Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs. • Partial Reinforcement:Reinforces a response only part of the time. Though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on.

30. An Example of Continuous Reinforcement • Each instance of a smile is reinforced

31. Ratio Version – having to do with instances of the behavior. Ex. – Reinforce or reward the behavior after a set number or x many times that an action or behavior is demonstrated. Interval Version – having to do with the passage of time. Ex. – Reinforce the participant after a set number or x period of time that the behavior is displayed. Schedules of Reinforcement

32. 4 Basic Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed-interval schedule • Variable-interval schedule • Fixed-ratio schedule • Variable-ratio schedule

33. Fixed-Interval Schedule • Fixed-interval schedule – A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement will occur. • No response during the interval is reinforced. • The first response following the interval is reinforced. • Produces an overall low rate of responding • Ex.I get one pellet of food every 5 minutes when I press the lever

34. Fixed Interval Reinforcement

35. Variable-Interval Schedule • Variable-interval Schedule – A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available. • Produces an overall low consistent rate of responding. • Ex.– I get a pellet of food on average every 5 minutes when I press the bar.

36. Variable Interval Reinforcement

37. Fixed-Ratio Schedule • Fixed-ratio Schedule – A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses. • These schedules usually produce rapid rates of responding with short post-reinforcement pauses • The length of the pause is directly proportional to the number of responses required • Ex. – For every 5 bar presses, I get one pellet of food

38. An Example of Fixed Ratio Reinforcement • Every fourth instance of a smile is reinforced

39. Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

40. Variable-Ratio Schedule • Variable-ratio Schedule – A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses. • Produce an overall high consistent rate of responding. • Ex. – On average, I press the bar 5 times for one pellet of food.

41. An Example of Variable Ratio Reinforcement • Random instances of the behavior are reinforced

42. Variable Ratio Reinforcement

43. When I bake cookies, I can only put one set in at a time, so after 10 minutes my first set of cookies is done. After another ten minutes, my second set of cookies is done. I get to eat a cookie after each set is done baking. After every 10 math problems that I complete, I allow myself a 5 minute break. I look over my notes every night because I never know how much time will go by before my next pop quiz. When hunting season comes around, sometimes I’ll spend all day sitting in the woods waiting to get a shot at a big buck. It’s worth it though when I get a nice 10 point. Today in Psychology class we were talking about Schedules of Reinforcement and everyone was eagerly raising their hands and participating. Miranda raised her hand a couple of times and was eventually called on. FI FR VI VI VR FI, VI, FR, or VR?

44. 6. Madison spanks her son if she has to ask him three times to clean up his room. 7. Emily has a spelling test every Friday. She usually does well and gets a star sticker. 8. Steve’s a big gambling man. He plays the slot machines all day hoping for a big win. Snakes get hungry at certain times of the day. They might watch any number of prey go by before they decide to strike. Mr. Bertani receives a salary paycheck every 2 weeks. (Miss Suter doesn’t ). Christina works at a tanning salon. For every 2 bottles of lotion she sells, she gets 1 dollar in commission. Mike is trying to study for his upcoming Psychology quiz. He reads five pages, then takes a break. He resumes reading and takes another break after he has completed 5 more pages. 6. FR 7. FI 8. VR VI FI FR FR FI, VI, FR, or VR?

45. 13. Megan is fundraising to try to raise money so she can go on the annual band trip. She goes door to door in her neighborhood trying to sell popcorn tins. She eventually sells some. 14. Kylie is a business girl who works in the big city. Her boss is busy, so he only checks her work periodically. 15. Mark is a lawyer who owns his own practice. His customers makes payments at irregular times. 16. Jessica is a dental assistant and gets a raise every year at the same time and never in between. 17. Andrew works at a GM factory and is in charge of attaching 3 parts. After he gets his parts attached, he gets some free time before the next car moves down the line. 18. Brittany is a telemarketer trying to sell life insurance. After so many calls, someone will eventually buy. 13. VR 14. VI 15. VI 16. FI 17. FR 18. VR FI, VI, FR, or VR?

46. Shaping Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations. Khamis Ramadhan/ Panapress/ Getty Images Fred Bavendam/ Peter Arnold, Inc. A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes.

47. Shaping Demo • Volunteer?? • TOPSS Site

48. Demos • Water Gun • http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/mlx/slip.php?item=1038 • Classical Conditioning intro Demo/Jaws from TOPSS • Shaping Demo from TOPSS • Operant Conditioning Question Demo • Videos: http://clipsforclass.com/learning