460 likes | 524 Views
RADIATION SAFETY. ORIENTATION COURSE. Ionizing Radiation - can deposit energy in neighboring atoms resulting in the removal of electrons. X-RADIATION. NUCLEAR RADIATION. Ionization of an Atom. Ionization of an Atom. BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION. 1 ROENTGEN (R) = 2.58 X 10 -4 coulombs
E N D
RADIATION SAFETY ORIENTATION COURSE
Ionizing Radiation - can deposit energy in neighboring atoms resulting in the removal of electrons. X-RADIATION NUCLEAR RADIATION
1 ROENTGEN (R) = 2.58 X 10-4coulombs kg 1 RAD (RAD) = 100 ergs per gram 1 REM (REM = 1 RAD X Q factor Q factors gamma & beta = 1 thermal n = 2 fast n = 10 alpha = 20 FOR GAMMA & BETA RADIATION 1 ROENTGEN » 1 RAD » 1 REM
HALF LIFE 1 ½ Time Half Life is the length of time it takes for a amount of radioactive material to decay to one half it’s original amount.
DECAY EQUATION ( ) 0.693 t½ t At = A0 e - At = activity at time t A0 = activity at time 0 t½ = isotope half life t = time from 0
ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF RADIATION COSMIC EARTH PEOPLE
MEDICAL USES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS AND RADIATION
POTENTIAL LATENT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DUE TO CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE GENETIC CANCER
RADIATION EFFECTS
ACUTE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DUE TO RADIATION EXPOSURE X-RAY / GAMMA EXPOSURE BETA EXPOSURE
TO MINIMIZE YOUR RADIATION EXPOSURE AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE YOU WILL PRACTICE ALARA PRINCIPLES
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE PROTECTION METHODS TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING
TIME THE SHORTER THE TIME EXPOSED TO RADIATION, THE SMALLER THE RADIATION DOSE RECEIVED.
AS YOU INCREASE THE DISTANCE FROM THE RADIATION SOURCE, THE RADIATION LEVELS DECREASE. FOR A POINT SOURCE : mR/hr1mR/hr2 (distance2)2 (distance1)2 = DISTANCE INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Maximum Permissible Occupational Dose Whole Body 5000 millirem/yr Lens of Eye 15000 millirem/yr Skin 50000 millirem/yr Extremity 50000 millirem/yr Minors 10% of Adult Embryo/Fetus 500 millirem PUBLIC DOSE 100 millirem/yr
METER RESPONSE PROBE AUDIO CALIBRATION RESET SELECT BATTERIES
Preparation • Designate and label areas for working with radioactive material • Label all containers with a radioactive material label and specify the isotope • No eating, drinking or smoking in the laboratory • No mouth pipetting of radioactive material
Conducting the Research • Use spill trays and absorbent covering • Use fume hoods for handling potentially volatile material • Wear laboratory coat, disposable gloves, and laboratory safety glasses • Use gloves appropriate for the chemicals to be handled
Post Research • Monitor and decontaminate surfaces as described in Chapter 7 of the Radiation Safety Manual • Dispose of radioactive waste in waste containers in accordance with Appendix G in the Radiation Safety Manual. • Ensure the container is labeled with a "Radioactive Material" label and specify the radioisotope in the container.
DESIGNATE AND LABEL RADIOACTIVE WORK AREAS LABEL ALL CONTAINERS AND ITEMS POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED
Contamination Limits Swipe test results Laboratory Areas < 1000 DPM per 100 square cm Unrestricted Areas (everywhere else) < 200 DPM per 100 square cm
PERFORM MONTHLY SURVEYS • MAINTAIN THE SECURITY OF ISOTOPES, INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE WASTE
METHODS OF CONTAMINATION CONTROL 2 1 1. GLOVES 2. LAB COATS OR APRONS 3. DECONTAMINATE 4. FUME HOODS 5. GLOVE BOX 6. PROTECTIVE SUITS 6 3 4 5
PERSONAL EXPOSURE MONITORING INTERNAL EXTERNAL
INTERNAL RADIATION EXPOSURE PROTECTION METHODS CONTAINMENT PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BIOASSAY PROGRAM
BIOASSAY INTERNAL RADIATION MONITORING I-131 & I-125 H-3, C-14, S-35, P-32
PRENATAL RADIATION EXPOSURE The University of Kentucky limits the dose to an embryo or fetus during the entire pregnancy, due to occupational exposure of a declared pregnant woman, to 500 millirem.
DECLARATION OF PREGNANCY • IN WRITING TO THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER • WILL LOWER THE DOSE TO THE FETUS TO 5OO MILLIREM FOR THE TERM OF THE PREGNANCY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE NOTIFY THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE WHEN: A CONTAMINATION EVENT INVOLVES PERSONNEL A SPILL IS GREATER THAN ~100 MICROCURIES RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ARE MISSING (INCLUDING WASTE) FIRE, EXPLOSION, OR OTHER INCIDENT COULD SPREAD CONTAMINATION IN A RADIATION LAB