Rewind

1. Rewind • Geography • How did the following impact Greece? • Sea • Mountains • Climate • Why did the Greeks have so many colonies throughout Mediterranean?

2. Today’s Objectives • Standard WHI.5 • Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: • Identifying the social structure and role of slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta • Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars • Essential Questions • How did Sparta differ from Athens? • Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?

3. Warring City-States

4. Rule and Order in Greek-City States • Polis • 750 B.C.E. • Fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece • Made up of a city and surrounding countryside • Often less than 20,000 residents • Had agora (public center) and acropolis (fortified hill top) • Greek Political Structures • Several types of governments • Monarchy • Kings and Queens rule • Aristocracy • Ruled by a small group of people, usually nobles • Oligarchy • Ruled by a few powerful people, usually wealthy merchants

5. Rule and Order • New kind of Army • Iron emerges • Cheaper than bronze, more available • Ordinary citizens could afford weapons • Citizens expected to defend Polis • Emergence of Phalanx • Tyrants seize power • Citizen-soldiers started to rebel • Tyrants, powerful individuals, gained power by appealing to poor

6. Spartans • Lived in the Peloponnesus (southern Greece) • Location • Southern Greece • Peloponnesus • Gulf of Corinth

7. Sparta • Conquerors • Conquered neighbors Messenia 725 B.C.E. • Messenians became helots • Revolt of helots in 600 B.C.E. forced Spartans to strengthen military • Government and Society • Oligarchy – headed by two kings • Council of Elders • Proposed laws to assembly • Made up of 2 kings and 28 citizens over 60 years old • Ephors- 5 elected officials carried out laws • Led education of youth • Social Structure • Diverse social groups • Rigid structure • Education • Men • Life centered around military training • Age 7- left for barracks • Did not encourage arts • Stressed duty, strength, discipline • Militaristic and aggressive society • Women • Hardy lives • Service to Sparta above family • Women had more rights than most areas

8. Citizenship • Spartans prepared for military life • Every newborn examined, sickly children killed • At age 7 boys went into military training • At age 20 a man could marry, but lived in barracks another 10 years • At age 30, he took his place in the assembly

9. Spartan Life • Women • Expected to produce healthy, warrior sons • Exercised and strengthened their bodies • Had to obey husband and father • Had right to inherit property • Ran family estates while men were at war • Affairs • Isolated itself • Looked down on trade and wealth • Forbade travel

10. Athens • Located in Attica • Under protection of Goddess Athena • Evolved from monarchy to aristocracy • “cradle of democracy” • Noble landowners had power

11. Forms of Government

12. Athens Government • Stages of evolution in Athenian government • Early Athens was ruled by a king • Aristocracy took power in 7th century • They owned land and political power • Tyrants who worked for reform • Draco • Solon • Origin of democratic principles • Direct democracy • Public debate • Duties of the citizen

13. Athens Builds a Democracy • Location • Located on rocky hill • Eastern Greece • Political Development • Power struggle b/w rich and poor • Avoided civil war with reforms • Led to creation of democracy • Only for free adult males • Life • Slaves • 1/3 population • No political rights • Women • No political rights • Took care of children

14. Solon’s Political and Economic Reforms • Clashes between aristocrats and common people • Draco 621 B.C.E. • Wrote first legal code • Contracts/property ownership • Conflicts continued • 594 B.C.E. • Aristocrats prevented civil war by electing Solonto head the government • Gave him power to reform law • Political Reforms • Outlawed slavery • All citizens allowed to participate in Athenian assembly • Bring charges against wrongdoers • Neglected land reforms • Led to fighting • Pisistratus 546 B.C.E. seizes power as a Tyrant • Economic Reforms • Encouraged export of grapes and olives • Profitable overseas trade

15. Road to Democracy • Pisistratus 546 B.C.E. • Tyrant • Provided funds to help peasants buy farm equipment • Financed reform by a tax on agricultural production • Massive building program • Gave jobs to poor • Earned him support of poor • Cleisthenes 508 B.C.E. • Introduced more reforms • Wanted to makes Athens a full democracy and break up nobility • Increased power of assembly • Anyone allowed to propose laws • Council of 500 • Proposed laws • Counseled the assembly • Chosen by lot • Created limited democracy

16. Women • Only males could participate in Assembly • Women were “imperfect beings” without the ability to reason • Wealthy women lived in seclusion in homes and managed household. • Poor women tended sheep, were spinners or weavers.

17. Education • Girls received no education • Boys attend school if affordable • Studied reading, writing, poetry, and music • Studied public speaking • Received military training

18. Persian Wars (499-449 B.C.E)

19. Darius I of Persia • Angry at an insult, sent messengers into Greece asking for gifts of “earth and water” • Most city-states obeyed • Athens and Sparta did not submit • United Greece

20. Persian Wars • 500 B.C. Athens was wealthiest city-state and had helped Ionian Greeks rebel against Persia • Persians crushed the rebel cities • Darius wanted to punish the Athenians • Sent the Persian army, landed at Marathon • Persian War united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire • Battle at Marathon • 490 B.C.E. • Persian fleet lands with 25,000 men • Greek phalanx destroyed the Persians • Athens was defenseless • Pheidippides “raced” back to Athens to warn the city • Saved the city

23. Xerxes • After Darius’ death, his son Xerxes wanted revenge • 480 B.C. brought a larger force to Greece • Met resistance with a small force of Spartans at Thermopylae • Led by King Leonidas • Greeks divided and weak • 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves at Battle of Thermopylae

25. Battle of Salamis • After defeating the Spartans, marched to Athens and burned it to the ground • Athenians had already left • Themistocles had built ships to help defend Greece after Marathon • Greeks lured the Persians ships into the straight of Salamis and tore them to pieces • Battle at Salamis • destroyed the Persian fleet • 1/3 sank • Left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea • Greeks then marched into Asia Minor and ended the Persian invasion • Spartans finally defeated Persians at Plataea 479 B.C.E.

26. Themistocles • An Athenian army commander, statesman, and archon • Designed the Piraeus naval harbor • Never popular with fellow citizens despite being the hero of Battle of Salamis • Ostracized in 470 B.C. and was sentenced to death • Committed suicide 460 B.C.

27. United Greece • Athens emerged most powerful city-state • Organized an alliance with other city-states called the Delian agreement • Athens emerges in a position of strength • Athens was pursuing aggressive policies against neighboring state • Athens was moving towards democracy • Pericles will come to power and take Athens’ into its Golden Age.

28. Rewind

29. Revisit Objectives • Standard WHI.5 • Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: • Identifying the social structure and role of slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta • Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars • Essential Questions • How did Sparta differ from Athens? • Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?