Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy

1. Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy Growth of Industrial Prosperity

2. The Second Industrial Revolution • Bessemer Process • Henry Bessemer • Production of steel • Cheaper and more efficient process • Electricity • Thomas Edison’s electrical lights • Joseph Swan’s light bulb • Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone • Guglielmo Marconi’s radio waves

3. The Second Industrial Revolution • Internal combustion engine • Automobiles • The Wright Brothers’ airplane • Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1903 • Led to airlines beginning in 1919 • Assembly line (Henry Ford) • Manufactured goods more efficiently • Instead of the people moving, the product moved down a conveyor belt • Led to mass production (benefits?)

4. Organizing the Working Classes • Karl Marx • Communist Manifesto (1848) • Industrial Revolution led to poor factory conditions • Capitalism was the problem behind it • Claimed all of world history is “history of class struggles” • Battle between: • Bourgeoisie (Middle Class Oppressors) • Owned and ran everything • Proletariat (Working Class Oppressed) • Controlled and owned nothing • Eventually this will lead to revolution and destruction of classes

5. Organizing the Working Classes • Socialism • Parties formed based on Marxist ideas • German Social Democratic Party • Wanted revolution to become one political party • Competition for election into parliament • Would allow for laws regarding working conditions to be passed • However people were divided over how these parties should be run • Some wanted true Marxists ideas and revolution • Others wanted more peaceful methods (revisionists)

6. Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy Modern ideas and Uncertainty

7. Modernism • 1870-1914 • Rebellion against traditional style of art and literature • Literature • Addressed social problems • Women in society • Alcoholism • Urban slums • Symbolist writers • True reality was the human mind • Everything seen is just symbols of the mind

8. Modernism • Painting • Impressionism • Went to the outdoors for inspiration (Nature) • Claude Monet • Postimpressionism • Art as a spiritual experience • Vincent van Gogh (Starry Nights) • Cubism • Geometric designs in art • Pablo Picasso • Abstract • Line and color only (Speaks to the soul) • Wassily Kandinsky

9. Claude Monet- Japanese Bridge

10. Van Gogh- Starry Nights

11. Picasso- Houses on the Hill

12. Pablo Picasso- The Old Guitarist

13. Wassily Kandinsky-

14. Modernism • Architecture • Functionalism • Buildings should be functional not ornate • Simplify buildings • Louis H. Sullivan • Music • Igor Stravinsky • The Rite of Spring (1913) • Bold rhythms and expressive sound

15. Uncertainty in Science • Marie Curie • French Scientist • Discovered element radium • Gave off energy known as radiation • Found within an atom • Albert Einstein • Theory of Relativity • Space and time not absolute but relative to who is looking at it • Matter is another form of energy • Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalysis • Allows therapist to go deep into a person’s mind and unlock memories • Helped to unlock repressed memories to help heal

16. Extreme Nationalism • Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer • Social progress came from the idea “survival of the fittest” • Strong survive and weak die • Social progress stresses helping the weak/poor • Nations were in a “struggle for existence” • Nations compete for resources • Used to justify racism and discrimination

17. Extreme Nationalism • Anti-Semitism • Hostility towards Jewish people • Dreyfus Affair • French military officer accused of selling secrets • Evidence showed otherwise • Russia • Pogroms • Organized massacres of the Jewish people • 25,000 emigrated from Russia • Zionism • Movement to create homeland for Jews in Palestine