13.1 Section Objectives – page 337

1. 13.1 Section Objectives – page 337 GENETIC TECHNOLOGY APPLIED GENETICS CHAPTER 13.1:Objectives • Predict the outcome of a test cross. • Evaluate the importance of plant and animal breeding to humans.

2. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • From ancient times, breeders have chosen plants and animals with the most desired _____ to serve as parents of the next generation. • Breeders of plants and animals want to be sure that their populations breed consistently so that each member shows the desired ___.

3. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • The process of _______________requires time, patience, and several generations of offspring before the desired trait becomes common in a population. • Increasing the __________ of desired alleles in a population is the essence of genetic technology.

4. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • To make sure that breeds consistently exhibit a trait and to eliminate any undesired traits from their breeding lines, breeders often use the method of __________. • ________is mating between closely related individuals. It results in offspring that are __________ for most traits.

5. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • Inbreeding can bring out harmful, _______ traits because there is a greater chance that two closely related individuals both may carry a harmful recessive allele for the trait.

6. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • _____ and _____ are two examples of animals that breeders have developed as ____ breeds.

7. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • A ______ is the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait. • _____ produced by crossing two purebred plants are often _____and ________ than their parents.

8. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • Many crop plants such as _____, ____, and ____, and garden flowers such as ____ and _____ have been developed by _____________.

9. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • The _______ of an organism that is _________ recessive for a trait is obvious to an observer because the recessive trait is ________. • However, organisms that are either ___________ dominant or heterozygous for a trait controlled by ________ inheritance have the same __________.

10. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • One way to determine the genotype of an organism is to perform a ________. • A ________is a cross of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype. • The pattern of observed _______ in the offspring can help determine the unknown ______ of the parent.

11. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 What are the possible results of a test cross? • If a known parent is _________ recessive and an unknown parent is _________ dominant for a trait, all of the offspring will be _________ and show the __________ trait.

12. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 • If the organism being tested is heterozygous, the expected ____ phenotypic ratio will be observed. • If any of the offspring, have the undesired trait, the parent in question must be ____________.

13. Section 13.1 Summary – pages 337 - 340 ? x dd dd Homozygous x Homozygous Heterozygous x Homozygous dd d d Dd d d DD Dd Dd Dd Dd D D Dd Dd d dd dd D Offspring: all dominant Offspring: 1/2 dominant 1/2 recessive Dd Dd Dd dd

14. 13.2 Section Objectives – page 341 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 13.2: Objectives • Summarize the steps used to engineer transgenic organisms. • Give examples of applications and benefits of genetic engineering.

15. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • _______________is a faster and more reliable method for increasing the frequency of a specific ______ in a population. • This method involves cutting—or cleaving—___ from one organism into small fragments and inserting the fragments into a ___ organism of the same or a different species.

16. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • You also may hear genetic engineering referred to as__________DNA technology. • Recombinant DNA is made by connecting or recombining, ________ of DNA from different sources.

17. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Plants and animals that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus are known as _______________because they contain _______ DNA.

18. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The ______of the process is to _______ the foreign DNA fragment that will be inserted. • The _______is to _____ the DNA fragment to a carrier. • The _____is the _______ into the host organism.

19. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • To isolate a DNA fragment, small pieces of DNA must be cut from a chromosome. • There are hundreds of ________________; each can cut DNA at a specific point in a specific ___________ sequence.

20. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The same sequence of bases is found on both DNA strands, but in opposite orders. • This arrangement is called a __________ (PA luhn drohm). Palindromes are words or sentences that read the same _______ and ________.

21. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Some enzymes produce fragments in which the DNA is cut straight across both strands. • These are called __________. • Other enzymes, such as the enzyme called ______, cut palindromic sequences of DNA by ___________ them for a few nucleotides.

22. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Biological _______ include viruses and _________. A plasmid, is a small _____ of DNA found in a _________ cell. Click image to view movie

23. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Two mechanical vectors carry foreign DNA into a cell’s nucleus. • One, a ___________, is inserted into a cell; the other is a microscopic metal bullet coated with DNA that is shot into the cell from a gene gun.

24. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • If a plasmid and foreign DNA have been cleaved with the same restriction enzyme, the ends of each will match and they will join together, reconnecting the plasmid ring. • The foreign DNA is recombined into a ________ or ________with the help of a second enzyme.

25. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • After the foreign DNA has been inserted into the plasmid, the recombined DNA is transferred into a bacterial cell. • An advantage to using bacterial cells to _____ DNA is that they reproduce ______; therefore, millions of bacteria are produced and each bacterium contains hundreds of recombinant DNA molecules.

26. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • _______ are genetically identical copies. • Each identical recombinant DNA_________is called a gene clone. • ______ also can be used to deliver genes to animal or plant cells, which incorporate the recombinant DNA.

27. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Each time the host cell divides it copies the ___________ DNA along with its own. • The host cell can produce the protein _______ on the recombinant DNA. • Using other _______, recombinant DNA can be inserted into _____, plant, and _______ cells.

28. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 Recombined DNA Cleavage sites Recombined plasmid Bacterial chromosome E. coli Plasmid Foreign DNA (gene for human growth hormone) Human growth hormone

29. In order to replicate DNA outside living organisms, a method called ______ __________ ______(PCR) has been developed. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • This method uses ____ to separate DNA strands from each other. • An enzyme isolated from a heat-loving bacterium is used to replicate the DNA when the appropriate __________ are added in a PCR machine.

30. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The machine repeatedly replicates the DNA, making millions of copies in less than a day. • Because the machine uses heat to separate the DNA strands and cycles over and over to replicate the DNA, it is called a ____________.

31. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • In DNA sequencing, millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment are cloned using PCR. Then, the strands are separated from each other. • The single-stranded fragments are placed in four different test tubes, one for each DNA _____.

32. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Each tube contains four normal _________ (A,C, G,T) and an enzyme that can _______ the synthesis of a complementary strand. • One nucleotide in each tube is tagged with a different _____________ color. • The reactions produce ____________ strands of varying lengths.

33. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • These strands are separated according to size by ___ _________(ih lek troh fuh REE sus), producing a pattern of fluorescent bands in the gel. • The bands are visualized using a _____ scanner or ___ light.

34. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • ________ enzymes are the perfect tools for cutting DNA. However, once the DNA is cut, a scientist needs to determine exactly what fragments have been formed.

35. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Either one or several restriction enzymes is added to a sample of DNA. The enzymes ___ the DNA into fragments. DNA fragments

36. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • With a consistency that is firmer than dessert gelatin, the ___ is molded so that small _____ form at one end. Gel • Small amounts of the fragmented DNA are placed into these wells.

37. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The gel is placed in a solution and an ______ field is applied making one end of the gel ______ and the other end ________. Power source Negative end Positive end

38. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The negatively charged DNA fragments travel toward the positive end. Completed gel Shorter fragments Longer fragments

39. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The smaller the fragment, the ______ it moves through the gel. • The _______ fragments move the farthest from the well.

40. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The main areas proposed for recombinant bacteria are in _______, _______, and _______. • Many species of bacteria have been ______________ to produce chemical compounds used by humans.

41. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Scientists have modified the bacterium _____to produce the expensive indigo dye that is used to color denim blue jeans.

42. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The production of cheese, laundry detergents, pulp and paper production, and sewage treatment have all been enhanced by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that increase enzyme activity, stability, and specificity.

43. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Pharmaceutical companies already are producing molecules made by recombinant DNA to treat human diseases. • Recombinant bacteria are used in the production of human growth hormone to treat _______________.

44. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Also, the human gene for ________ is inserted into a bacterial plasmid by genetic engineering techniques. Recombinant bacteria produce large quantities of insulin.

45. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Scientists can study diseases and the role specific genes play in an organism by using _________ animals.

46. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • Mouse chromosomes also are ______ to human chromosomes. • Scientists know the locations of many genes on mouse chromosomes.

47. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • The roundworm ________________is another organism with well-understood genetics that is used for transgenic studies. • A third animal commonly used for transgenic studies is the _____ ___.

48. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • On the same farm in Scotland that produced the cloned sheep _____, a transgenic sheep was produced that contained the corrected human gene for __________ __. • This human gene inserted into the sheep chromosomes allows the production of the _________ protein in the sheep’s milk.

49. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • This farm also has produced transgenic sheep which produce a ______ that helps lungs inflate and function properly.

50. Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341 - 348 • _______________ DNA technology has been highly utilized in the agricultural and food industries. • _____ have been developed that are better tasting, stay fresh longer, and are protected from disease and insect infestations.