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Fate of Feathers. Fall. Spring. Natal and Juvenal Plumages. (Natal Down Feathers, Juvenal Feathers). Subadult Plumages. Fig. 3-28 in Podulka et al. 2004. Definitive Plumage. One Complete Molt per Year. One Complete Molt per Year. 20. 21. Partial Molt.
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Fate of Feathers Fall Spring
Natal and Juvenal Plumages (Natal Down Feathers, Juvenal Feathers)
Subadult Plumages Fig. 3-28 in Podulka et al. 2004
Delayed Plumage Maturation FEMALE MALE First Breeding Season Definitive Subadult Second Breeding Season Definitive Definitive
Delayed Plumage Maturation MALE Female Mimicry Hypothesis Why? Status Signaling Hypothesis Subadult Winter Crypsis Hypothesis Definitive
Case Study: Benefits of Delayed Plumage Maturation First Breeding Season Second Breeding Season
Traditional Plumage Naming Systems 3 Natal Down Plumage Juvenal Plumage Nuptial Plumage Winter Plumage (Post-Nuptial Plumage)
Traditional Plumage Naming Systems 3 Postnuptial Molt Postnatal Molt Postjuvenal Molt Prenuptial Molt
Traditional Plumage Naming Systems Fig. 3-35 in Podulka et al. 2004
Traditional Plumage Naming Systems: Problems • Different Plumages not always Correlated • with Breeding Behavior • No “Winter” Season in Tropics • Some Birds breed More or Less than • Once a Year
Humphrey-Parkes Plumage Naming Systems 3 Natal Down Plumage Juvenal Plumage Alternate Plumage Basic Plumage
Traditional Plumage Naming Systems 3 Prejuvenal Molt Prealternate Molt Prebasic Molt Prealternate Molt
Humphrey-Parkes Plumage Naming Systems Fig. 3-35 in Podulka et al. 2004
Applications of Humphrey-Parkes System Alternate Plumage http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=icwdmwfm
REMIGE MOLT PROGRESSION: PARTIAL Fig. 3-21 in Podulka et al. 2004
REMIGE MOLT PROGRESSION: COMPLETE Loon Duck 13 14 Grebe 15
17 RECTRICE MOLT PROGRESSION: COMPLETE Puffin Owl 15 Boat-Tailed Grackle 16
.. AND ONE MORE 21 22
Eyes: Gender Differences Effect on Social Behavior Not Studied Extensively 25 26
EYE COLOR: DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES 28 26 27
Non-Feathered Areas: Beak/Bill Fig. 3-33 in Podulka et al. 2004
Non-Feathered Areas: Bill/Beak Cere, Operculum, Groove, Tubular Nares
Non-Feathered Areas: Bill/Beak (Seasonal Color Differences) Basic Plumage Alternate Plumage
Non-Feathered Areas: Bill/Beak (Gender Differences) 10 9
Non-Feathered Areas: Bill/Beak (Breeding Behavior) Oral Flanges
Non-Feathered Areas: Feet Fig. 3-38 in Podulka et al. 2004
Feathered Areas: Feet 52 53
Non-Feathered Areas: Feet Types Perching 56
Non-Feathered Areas: Feet Adaptations Fig. 3-39 in Podulka et al. 2004
Non-Feathered Areas: Feet (Pectinate Claw) Fig. 3-40 in Podulka et al. 2004
Non-Feathered Areas: Feet (Wing Claw) Hoatzin
Non-Feathered Areas: Head 59 60 61
Non-Feathered Areas: Head 64 63 62
Non-Feathered Areas: Head (Boom Sacs, Casques, Snoods, Combs, Wattles) 66 65 68 67