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What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture

What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture. Based on “Nature via Nurture” by Matt Ridley (2003). Fig 16.10. Genes code for proteins. Cells function because of proteins. Organisms are collections of cells. Protein. Fig 16.10. The connection between genes and traits is rarely direct.

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What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture

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  1. What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture Based on “Nature via Nurture” by Matt Ridley (2003)

  2. Fig 16.10 • Genes code for proteins. • Cells function because of proteins. • Organisms are collections of cells. Protein

  3. Fig 16.10 The connection between genes and traits is rarely direct. Protein

  4. Mostly Nurture-Imprinting: exposure to movement (environment) sets “mother”

  5. Mostly Nature-X/Y chromosomes in humans: genes = traits XX XY

  6. Your DNA comes in pairs...

  7. X/Y chromosomes in humans:genes = traits XX XY

  8. Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits.

  9. Types of twins: http://pennhealth.com/health_info/pregnancy/000199.htm

  10. Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there are some caveats:How many twins have been studied? How different are the environments?

  11. Correlation of weight and relatedness Correlation of weight (BMI) % Identical twins reared together 80 Identical twins reared apart 72 Fraternal twins reared together 43 Biological siblings 34 Parents and children living together 26 Adopted children and parents 4 Unrelated children living together 1 *But food preference shows little genetic correlation The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)

  12. Correlation of IQ Inheritance : % The same person tested twice 87 Identical twins reared together 86 Identical twins reared apart 76 Fraternal twins reared together 55 Biological siblings 47 Parents and children living together 40 Parents and children living apart 31 Adopted children living together 0 Unrelated people living apart 0 Intelligence From two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)

  13. When the environment is equal (everyone has access to resources), genetic differences are magnified. • When environments are different (only a few have access to resources), environmental differences are magnified.

  14. Correlation of IQ Inheritance : % The same person tested twice 87 Identical twins reared together 86 Identical twins reared apart 76 Fraternal twins reared together 55 Biological siblings 47 Parents and children living together 40 Parents and children living apart 31 Adopted children living together 0 Unrelated people living apart 0 Proof or disproof? From two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)

  15. Can we see a genetic basis for complex behaviors?

  16. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young

  17. Oxytocin (hormone) Encourages bonding between individuals Water/salt balance Contraction of womb and milk production

  18. Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and signal another.

  19. Oxytocin (hormone) Encourages bonding between individuals Water/salt balance Contraction of womb and milk production

  20. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young

  21. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young Same levels of oxytocin

  22. Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and signal another.

  23. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More receptors Same levels of oxytocin

  24. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors ? Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More receptors • ? Same levels of oxytocin Inject hormone into brain

  25. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors Nonmonogamous Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More receptors • Monogamous Same levels of oxytocin Inject hormone into brain

  26. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less oxytocin receptors ? Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More oxytocin receptors • ? Same levels of oxytocin Block receptors

  27. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less oxytocin receptors Nonmonogamous Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More oxytocin receptors • Nonmonogamous Same levels of oxytocin Block receptors

  28. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less oxytocin receptors Monogamous Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More oxytocin receptors • Monogamous Same levels of oxytocin Increase levels of receptors (genetically) in ventral pallidum

  29. Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors Voles • Prairie • Monogamous • Both parents care for young • More receptors Same levels of oxytocin

  30. Nature and Nurture: Next...Are traits coded for by genes fixed while traits coded for by the environment are under our control?

  31. Next: Evolution

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