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Warm-up Week 12 Day 1

Warm-up Week 12 Day 1. The Lithosphere includes Earth’s C_______ and part of the M_________. What are the three types of plate boundaries called? Describe what happens at each type of plate boundary. How can dogs tell that a major earthquake is about to happen? (What might they feel ?).

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Warm-up Week 12 Day 1

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  1. Warm-up Week 12 Day 1 • The Lithosphere includes Earth’s C_______ and part of the M_________. • What are the three types of plate boundaries called? • Describe what happens at each type of plate boundary. • How can dogs tell that a major earthquake is about to happen? (What might they feel?)

  2. “Measuring Earthquakes” Chapter 8, Section 2

  3. Earthquake Waves • “Seismic” = … • Surface waves travel along the ground and cause the ground and anything resting upon it to move • Gases and liquids do not transmit s waves, but do transmit p waves • A seismogram shows all three types of waves: the p waves arrive first, then the s waves, followed by the surface waves last • The waves arrive at different times because they travel at different speeds

  4. Surface Waves • Wavesthat travelalong Earth’s surface • Most destructive! 

  5. P Waves • “Push-Pull waves” • Compressrocks • Expand rocks • FASTEST waves!

  6. S Waves • Shaketheparticlesatright angles • Cannotmove throughwaterorair.

  7. Seismograph Toolthat recordsearthquakewaves

  8. “Seismos” = Shake “Gramma” = What is written Seismogram A drawingfrom aseismograph

  9. Where are they?!

  10. Travel-Time Graph • Used to finddistancetoepicenter

  11. Finding an Epicenter. • Triangulation • Technique used to find location of epicenter • “Three Circles”

  12. Measuring Earthquakes • Intensity • Estimate of damage to an area. • Magnitude • Size of seismic wave

  13. 3 Scales of Measurement • Richter Scale • Outdated • Measures amplitude of the largest seismic wave (1-10). • Moment Magnitude Scale • Widely used  • Movement at fault • Measures energy released • Modified Mercalli Scale • Measures “Destruction” • 12 steps ( I—XII ) • 1 = Gentle, 12 = Bad!

  14. Moment Magnitude Scale

  15. Modified Mercalli Scale

  16. “Earthquake Destruction”

  17. Q: What affects the amount of Destruction? • How bigthe seismic waves are. • Howlong it lasts. • Compositionof ground. • Designof buildings.

  18. Hazard - Liquefaction Niigata, Japan 1964

  19. Hazard – Ground Shaking Northridge, CA 1994 Loma Prieta, CA 1989

  20. Hazard – Surface Faulting Landers, CA 1992

  21. Hazard - Landslides Turnnagin Heights,Alaska,1964

  22. Hazard – Fires Loma Prieta, CA 1989

  23. Hazard – Tsunami

  24. Predicting Earthquakes? • Goal: • EARLY WARNING. • Success? • NO.  • Seismic gap • Place along a fault that is “overdo.”

  25. Chance of Earthquakes Near Us…

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