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Summarizing. Chapter 3 Classroom Instruction that Works Marzano, Pickering and Pollock. Summarizing and Notetaking. Summarizing and note taking distill information into a concise, synthesized form focus on important points. Break down the process of summarizing.
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Summarizing Chapter 3 Classroom Instruction that Works Marzano, Pickering and Pollock
Summarizing and Notetaking • Summarizing and note taking • distill information into a concise, synthesized form • focus on important points. • Break down the process of summarizing
Summarizing and Notetaking • Verbatim note taking - least effective • not engaging their minds in generating or synthesizing information. • Encourage revisiting and revising their • use different formats • make notes as complete as possible
Summarizing and Note Taking • Summarizing and note taking • distill information • compare/contrast • prioritize • concise, synthesized form
Three Strategies for Teaching Summarizing • Rule-Based Strategy • Using Frames • Reciprocal Teaching
Rule-Based Summarizing Strategy The rules in the strategy are as follows: 1) Delete trivial material that is unnecessary to understanding; 2) Delete redundant material; 3) Substitute subordinate terms for lists (e.g., “flowers for “daisies, tulips, and roses”);
Rule-Based Summarizing Strategy 4) Select a topic sentence, or invent one if it is missing. To make these rules “come alive” for students, a teacher might initially demonstrate them in some detail. Brown, Campione, and Day (1981)
Summarizing Strategy Using Frames Present students with summary frames. A summary frame is a series of questions that the teacher provides to students that helps them develop an accurate summary of the text. For more on frames, see: Oja (1996) Using Story Frames to Develop Reading Comprehension in the Classroom ED 395 281
Summarizing Strategy: Using Frames • There are different types of frames that students can use to help them summarize different types of text that they encounter. • The Narrative Frame: to summarize stories or other narratives; • The Topic-Restriction-Illustration (T-R-l) Frame: to summarize informational or explanatory text; • The Definition Frame: to summarize text that defines a concept or term;
Summarizing Strategy: Using Frames • The Argumentation Frame: to summarize text that presents an argument; • The Problem /Solution Frame: to summarize text that presents a problem and one or more solutions; • The Conversation Frame: to summarize text that presents a conversation between people or characters in a story.
Narrative or Story Frame The narrative or story frame commonly contains the following elements: Characters: the characteristics of the main characters in the story; Setting: the time, place, and context in which the story took place; Initiating event: the event that starts the action rolling in the story; Internal response: how the main characters feel about and react to the initiating event;
Narrative or Story Frame The narrative or story frame commonly contains the following elements: Goal: what the main characters decide to do as a reaction to the initiating event — the goal they set; Consequence: how the main characters try to accomplish the goal; Resolution: how the story turns out. (Components 3-7 are sometimes repeated to create what is called an “episode.”)
Narrative or Story Frame Frame Questions: Who are the main characters? What makes them different from others? When and where did the story take place? What was the situation at the time? What starts the action rolling in the story?
Narrative or Story Frame Frame Questions: How did the characters express their feelings? What did the main characters decide to do? Did they set a goal? What was it? How did the main characters try to accomplish their goal? How does the story turn out? Did the main characters accomplish their goal?
Example Narrative Frame(handout)
T-R-I Frame for Expository Material • Students can use the T-R-I Frame with most expository material, such as books and other nonfiction reading material. The T-R-l pattern is commonly found in expository material. The elements of the T-R-l frame are: • Topic (T): a general statement about the information to be discussed; • Restriction (R): statements that limit the information in some way; • Illustration (I): statements that exemplify the topic or illustrations. • The T-R-I (topic, restriction, illustration) pattern can have a number of restrictions and accompanying illustrations.
T-R-I Frame Frame Questions: T: What is the general topic? R: What information does the author give that narrows or restricts the general topic? I: What examples does the author present to illustrate the topic or restriction?
Definition Frame The purpose of a definition pattern is to describe a particular concept and identify subordinate concepts. Definition patterns contain the following elements: 1.Term: the subject to be defined (e.g., car); 2. Set: the general category to which the term belongs (e.g., vehicles for transportation);
Definition Frame The purpose of a definition pattern is to describe a particular concept and identify subordinate concepts. Definition patterns contain the following elements: 3. Gross (general) characteristics: those characteristics that separate the term from other elements in the set (e.g., runs on the ground, has four wheels); 4. Minute differences: those different classes of objects that fall directly beneath the term (e.g., sedans, convertibles).
Definition Frame • Frame Questions: • What is being defined here? • To what general category does the item being defined belong? • What characteristics of the item being defined separate it from other items in the general category? • What are some different types or classes of the item being defined?
