- Unit VII - Decision-making Processes for Invasive Species – Risk Assessment Models and Systems

2. - Unit VII -Decision-making Processes for Invasive Species – Risk Assessment Models and Systems Randy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven Manning Global Invasive Species ProgrammeCape Town, South Africa

3. Unit VII Objectives • Explore the primary principles of Pest Risk Analysis. • Learn about the traditional prohibited listing approach for IAS. • Learn about the permitted listing approach for IAS. • Conduct a weed risk assessment exercise with a known IAS.

4. Williamson* Rule of Tens for IAS • 10% of Introductions Establishes Casual Populations - (10/100) • 10% of Casuals become Naturalized (1/100) • 10% of Naturalized Species Becomes IAS *Dr. Mark Williams, U.K.

5. Mack* Rule of Tens for Invasive Plants • 10% of Introduced Plants will establish Free Living (Naturalized) Populations (1/100) • 10% of Free Living Exotic Plants will Become Invasive (1%) *Dr. Richard Mack, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

6. Weed Risk Assessment question sheet Answer yes orno , or leave blank, unless otherwise indicated Options for Controlling IAS Introductions. • Place no limits on introductions at all (ecologically and economically reckless). • Prohibit all planned introductions (socially and Politically unsustainable). • Assess Risk to Determine Introductions

7. 7.1. Principles of Pest Risk Analysis • Stage 1 – Initiate Pest Risk Analysis • Identify the Target Species • Determine Distribution within Receiving Country • Identify Pathways of Entry • Stage 2 – Conduct Pest Risk Assessment • Stage 3 – Develop Pest Risk Management Plan (Plan for Exclusion, EDRR, etc.)

8. 7.1. IPPC Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. • ISPM 11 – Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests (2004) • Parties to IPPC in Eastern/Central/Southern Africa • Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, D.R. Congo, Burundi, Zambia, Malawi, Madagascar, Mauritius, Swaziland, South Africa • Countries not Parties to IPPC • Djibouti, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Seychelles, Comoros Islands, Mozambique, Reunion, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho

9. 7.2. Official Listing Approaches. • Traditional Prohibited Listing Approach • Assess and List High Profile IAS that Meeting IPPC Criteria as Quarantine Significant Pests • Permitted Listing Approach • Assess all Species Proposed for Introduction to Determine if they should be Officially Listed

10. Purple Loosestrife Cargo Infested with Prohibited Pest Mediterranean Fruitfly Wheat Infected with Karnal Bunt 7.3. Prohibited Listing Approach. • Proposed Exotic Species that Meet Criteria as Quarantine Significant Pests • Officially List and Prohibit Entry • Imported Exotic Species that Have not been Assessed • Species that Harbor Prohibited Pests (Regulate Entry under Appropriate Regulation; Inspect and Treat) • Species that do not Harbor Regulated Pests (Inspect and Release) • Imported Cargo • Harbors Prohibited Pests (Inspect and Treat) • Does not Harbor Prohibited Pests (Inspect and Release)

11. 7.3. Prohibited Listing Approach. • The listing process is typically long and tedious • Species that are not on the list may enter freely unless they are prohibited under other plant quarantine regulations. • Most prohibited lists have traditionally focused on excluding plant pests of agriculture and rangelands. However, many plant pests of forests and other natural areas are not pests of agriculture. • It presumes that most major pests likely to be imported have been identified and listed.

12. 7.3. Case Study – Prohibited List System.U.S. Federal Noxious Weed List.

13. 7.4. Permitted Listing Approach. • Assesses all Species Proposed for Importation to Determine if they should be Officially Listed. • Permitted List – Species that are Assessed and Determined to be non-quarantine Significant • Prohibited List – Species that are Assessed and are Determined to be Quarantine Significant

14. 7.4.1. Case Study – Permitted Listing System.The Australian Quarantine Inspection Service Weed Risk Assessment System. • Scoring System with 49 Questions to Rank Various Characters of a Plant for Invasiveness. • Section A – History and Biogeography • Domestication and Cultivation • Climate and Distribution • Weed Elsewhere? • Section B – Biology/Ecology - Weediness Traits • Section C – Biology/Ecology – Plant Type, Reproduction, Dispersal, Persistence • Scoring System • >1 = Accept for Importation • 1 – 6 = Evaluate Further • > 6 = Reject Entry • Developer - Dr. Paul Pheloung - AQIS

15. Unit 7. Lab Exercise.Weed Risk Assessment – Beach Vitex (P. 206). • Beach Vitex – (Vitex rotundifolia) • Woody Vine, Native to Asian Mainland (Korea) • History in USA • 1985 – Introduced to Southeast Coast by NC State University, Coastal Dune Erosion Control, Ornamental • 1995 – Spreading from Plantings on Carolina Coast • 2002 – Threat to Dune Plants and Animals, Sea Turtle Nesting • 2003 – Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force Established • 2005 – Weed Risk Assessment Conducted; Recommended for Listing as U.S. Federal Noxious Weed

16. Weeds Won't Wait!