保護區 Protected Area 140.137.70.88/class/c25PA/

1. 保護區 Protected Areahttp://140.137.70.88/class/c25PA/ For a better future or past? Jackson Hu

2. 你去過哪裡的自然保留區？印象最深的是？ Nodes and MUMs (Noss and Harris 1986)

3. 世界保育聯盟 IUCN, 1994 • 1a, 嚴格的自然保留區 • 1b, 荒野保護區 • 2, 國家公園 • 3, 天然紀念物 • 4, 棲地及物種經營保護區 • 5, 地景及海景保護區 • 6, 經營資源保育區

4. 1a, 嚴格的自然保留區 • 1b, 荒野保護區 • 2, 國家公園 • 3, 天然紀念物 • 4, 棲地及物種經營保護區 • 5, 地景及海景保護區 • 6, 經營資源保育區 Protected Areas By IUCN, 1994 • IUCN Category • Strict nature reserve • or wilderness area • National Park • Natural Monument • Habitat/Species Management Area • Protected landscape/seascape • Managed resource protected area

5. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 United Nations on Biological Diversity Each party must as far as possible Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity Develop where necessary guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas

6. Protected areas and reserve design Overview Goals and limitations Gaps in global protected areas Systematic conservation planning Surrogates for overall biodiversity Reserve selection algorithms Case study

7. terrestrial protected areas 105,000 protected areas 18.4 million km2 land

8. Location of protected areas 12.65% of Earth’s land surface

9. marine protected areas Cumulative area protected (ha) but only 1.2% of the whole ocean!!!

10. Types of Protected Areas BC Examples Strict nature reserve Wilderness area 1a Triangle Island 1b Campbell River Estuary

11. 1a, 嚴格的自然保留區 • 1b, 荒野保護區 • 2, 國家公園 • 3, 天然紀念物 • 4, 棲地及物種經營保護區 • 5, 地景及海景保護區 • 6, 經營資源保育區 Protected Areas By IUCN, 1994 • IUCN Category • Strict nature reserve • or wilderness area • National Park • Natural Monument • Habitat/Species Management Area • Protected landscape/seascape • Managed resource protected area

12. Area (km2) covered by protected areas 1-6 Global Canada 630,000 km2 6.3% land 1+2 72% 3-5 10% 6+ 18%

13. Types of protected area 6. Managed resource protected area Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

14. Goals of Protected areas • Protect particular species 保護物種 • Preserve biodiversity: focus on areas of high species richness/endemism 保護生物多樣性整體 • Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their services 保護生態功能

15. Do protected areas work?

16. terrestrial protected areas • (25yr) 1978 1987 1997 2003 • 1 … 34 481 926 1999 個保護區，15％ China 105,000 protected areas 18.4 million km2 land

17. Do protected areas work?

18. Do protected areas work? • 新疆，阿爾金山 • 新疆，塔什庫爾干、羅布泊、卡拉麥里 • 1987甘肅，祁連山 • 1988西藏，珠穆朗瑪自然保護區, 34, 000 Km2 （ 3.4萬） • 1993西藏，羌塘自然保護區, 300, 000 Km2 （ 30.0萬） • 1995青海，可可西里自然保護區, 83, 000 Km2 （ 8.3萬） • 2000青海，三江源自然保護區, 318, 000 Km2 （ 31.8萬） • Total 711, 000 Km2 （ 71.1萬）= 80 times of Yellowstone

19. Do protected areas work? 核心區 緩衝區 試驗區 1994 自然保護區條例 Nodes and MUMs (Noss and Harris 1986)

20. Do protected areas work? Amazon Atlantic coast forest Percent natural vegetation Congo forest West African forest Joppa et al PNAS 2008

21. 6 (541) (236) Response ratio 5 4 More fish in reserve 3 (110) 2 1 More fish out of reserve 0 - 1 Target Non-target Overall species species Do marine protected areas work? Overall effect of 12 reserves around the world Mosqueira et al. 2000 Animal Conservation

22. Limitations of protected areas Land is often protected if it is “worthless” BC Stated Goal - have 12% landbase “protected” 12.5% landbase is protected BUT Alpine - over-represented Coastal lowland forest - under-represented

23. Limitation of protected areas Protection is revoked if land is valuable” Tasmania 1939-1984 23 protected areas “unprotected” Why? forestry, mining, hydroelectric development Yosemite National Park Boundaries redrawn Land out - potential mining, logging, grazing Land in - low commercial value

24. What isn’t protected?? Global Gap Analysis Project Data World Database on Protected Areas Distributions of 11,633 spp vertebrates

25. x x x X - least protected biomes

26. What isn’t protected?? Global Gap Analysis Project Number of gap species All species All PAs PA>1000ha+IUCN 1-4 Mammals 258 (5.5%) 644 (13.5%) Turtles 21 (7.7%) 48 (17.6%) Amphibians 913 (16.7%) 1718 (31.5%) Threatened spp Mammals 149 (14%) 314 (29.6%) Birds 232 (19.8%) 437 (37.3%) Turtles 12 (10.1%) 32 (26.9%) Amphibians 411 (26.6%) 767 (49.7%)

27. Where are the Gap Species? Global Gap Analysis Project

28. The area protected in a country is a poor predictor of conservation needs % gap species Countries with lots of endemics have more gap species

29. What isn’t protected?? Local Gap Analysis - Hawaii - Essay 14.2 text GIS parks + Endangered finch distributions --> Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge

30. Systematic conservation planning 9 principal factors to consider COMPREHENSIVENESS Reserve system contains Many species Many habitats Many ecological processes REPRESENTATIVENESS Reserve contains populations/habitats that cover range of variation in that spp/habitat

31. Systematic conservation planning • IRREPLACEABILITY • Importance of an area in meeting the objectives of the reserve system hairy-nosed wombat Located in one place Epping Forest National Park if criteria is a system that retains all mammal species the area is irreplaceable

32. Systematic conservation planning • ADEQUACY • Features within reserve will persist • Q. How might this be assessed? SHAPE large with low edge:area ratios Q. why? Better than

33. Global Gap Analysis Project if conservation goal is species representation we should also consider urgency = threat

34. Global Gap Analysis Project Priority sites for protected areas based on irreplaceability and threat

36. Fetish Culture in Transformation: Poached Tigers in Exhibits and National Parks in Cambodia and Yunnan, China Jackson Hu, Zoe Ju-Han Wang, Yue Wang, Sun Hean

37. Why Study Tigers in a Choatic Era? Tiger (Panthera tigris) is the famous fetish sign in the regional culture of Southeast Asia A spiritually powerful being whose bones, teeth, furs, etc. both royals and the common people have desired to obtain for prestige and wealth. A pivotal communicative means

39. Indochinese tigers occurring in Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam and Cambodia with a biologically “effective” population of 529-1059 individuals.

40. Story Series • 1. Tiger hunting in Cambodia by Sun Hean • 2. Cultural imagination of tiger in the Kham area (the pan-Tibetan region) by Jackson Hu • 3. When the jungles become National Parks in Yunnan, China by Zoe Wang and Yue Wang

41. Story 1 • Tiger Hunting in Cambodia

42. Northern Plains Pursat Sre Pok Cardamom Wildlife Poaching in Cambodia • Interviewed during April-August 1999 • 3 prime tiger areas, the Cardamom Mountains, the Northern Plains, and South of Sre Pok. • 2 trading centers of poached tiger parts: Phnom Penh (金邊) and Poipet (波貝).

43. What’s the Cultural Roots of Tiger Fetish? • mountain protector (a deity) keeps the forest in balance • Send only old, sick animals to be killed • Fetish spirits: embodied in white or ‘difficult’ tigers • Native hunters left them alone by giving the jungle deities respect and offering prayers

44. Fetish Persists in Wartime? • Khmer Rouge fighters • favored by the jungle deity because they respected the forest and save spiritual animals • In 1975-78, a million people died in the civil war • A holed tiger canine as a powerful means for avoiding miss-shooting

45. Traditional Beliefs in a Postcolonial Context

46. Busy Borderland Across Fetish Regions

47. Story 2 • How Fetish Desire Expands into the Kham area (康區), China?

48. Tiger Sales in China - The Becoming of a Luxury Goods • The pan-Tibetan regions were supplied by tiger skins poached in other range countries and smuggled into the China. (photo from EIA and WPSI, 2006)

49. Sentient Being in Tibet • tigers as a sentient embodiment of the fire deity • a local religious mimic, inheriting from the powerful figure of lion in the Buddhist symbolism of India

50. Mystic Acient Image • Lord Shiva kills the “tiger of desire (欲虎)” and sit on tiger skins as mats, presenting the overcome of secular desire