Concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients

1. Concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients Dr Aziz Ahmed Quadri Professor of Psychiatry Director of Mental Health Center Padegaon, Aurangabad, M.S. India E-mail: merajquadri@hotmail.com www.mentalhealthcenterindia.com

3. MENTAL HEALTH CENTER Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA.

4. Introduction The past decade has seen a growing demand for health professionals to take better account of patient’s religious beliefs and establish links with faith based organizations as partners in health and welfare science. (Mental Health Foundation National Institute for mental health England,2003). However although psychiatry and religion share similar concerns their relationship has seldom been harmonious with, perhaps just cause for suspicion on both side. There is need for dialogue and mutual understanding. In the U.S.A. analysis of the national co-morbidity surveys conducted in the 1990 revealed continuing use of the clergy alone and alongside professional and alternative practitioner for mental health problem (Wang et.al.2003).

5. It is clear that faith based organizations and their clergy are contacted by people with mental health problems often in preference to consulting psychiatric professionals. Broadly speaking healing has been observed as a central function of most religions and some people look to religion as a means of understanding suffering and as a beneficial way of coping with it. Studies in the U.K. indicate that culturally mediated religious beliefs influence differential access to and engagement and satisfaction with services (Mc cube and priebe.2004).

6. The clergy are popularly conceived of as knowledgeable and trusted healers at local and personal level with respect to mental illness. Clergy in closed, less secularized community may play a pivotal part when people first present with psychological difficulties, there by strengthening or challenging religious health beliefs and in effect advocating spiritual or secular intervention (Little wood and Dien 1995). Many clergy provide pastoral care for emotionally distressed people they may be reluctant to move further away from spiritual guidance towards a more secular enterprise.

7. Aim Study the concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black Magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients. To Compare different diagnostic categories of faith healers and ICD-10. To study the different methods used by faith healers to treat psychiatric disorders. To know whether these methods were approved and valid by Islam.

8. SettingMental Health Center PadegaonAurangabad (M.S)

9. In our study we interviewed total 100 patients as follows. • TOTAL NUMBER OF MALE PATIENTS : 54 TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE PATIENTS : 46 • TOTAL : 100 Material & Method

10. To compare with psychiatry diagnosis we also took the history as per our routine history taking method.

11. Data Collection Structured interview containing. Demographic data. Religious knowledge. Basic knowledge of Islam. Whether follow rituals and prayers on regular basis. No. of Traditional Healers visited. Advices and diagnosis given by T.H Method of treatment by T.H.

12. No. Patients Muslim Hindu % Percentage 99 32 67 87 29 58 98 57 41 107 48 59 105 41 64 97 42 55 96 35 61 104 54 50 98 48 50 90 41 49 100 42 58 90 52 38 Total - 1171 Total - 521 Total - 650 Admissions during April 2006 to March 2007 at MHC Aurangabad.

13. Disorder Total No. of pt. Age 11 – 20 Age 21 – 30 Age 31 – 40 Age 41 – 50 Age 51 – 60 Age 61 - 70 Dissociative Disorder (02) 01 01 Acute & Transient Psychotic Disorder (09) 04 04 01 Manic Depressive Disorder 04 04 Schizophrenia 42 12 17 10 01 02 Depressive Disorder 25 08 08 04 01 02 02 Addiction 07 02 02 01 02 Mental Retardation 02  02 Epilepsy 01 01 Hypo Mania 06 03 01 01 01 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 02 02 Age wise distribution of patients with different Disorders

14. a. At our center about 40%patients are Muslims.b. I have essential knowledge about Islam. c. Psychiatrist are expected to have adequate knowledge of major religions. (.CTP.p.no.602 to 622). Study the concept of jinn (ghost) and Jadu(black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients.

15. 2.Comparison between traditional healers diagnosis and ICD-10

17. Sr. No Traditional healers diagnosis Sex ICD-10 1 Effect of Jinn, Black Magic F : M: 01 01 F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion 2 F : 23 Acute Psychotic Episode Effect of Jinn, Black Magic, In 3 patients made no diagnosis F : M: 05 04 3 F : 31 Manic Depressive Disorder Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic F : M: 03 01 4 F : 20 Schizophrenia Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic F : M: 18 24 5 F : 32 Depressive Disorder Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic in 7 Patients Made No Diagnosis F : M: 12 13 6 F : 10 Addiction Effect of Jin & Black Magic, F : M: 00 07 7 F : 70 Mental Retardation Effect of Jin & Black Magic, F : M: 01 01 8 F : 44 Dissociative Disorder Effect of Jinn, F : M: 01 00 9 F : 30 Hypomania Effect of Jinn, Effect of Black Magic F : M: 05 01 10 F : 42 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Effect of Jinn F : M: 00 02

19. Comparison of ICD – 10 Diagnosis with Diagnosis given by Traditional Healer

20. Explanation by traditional healers.

21. To study the different methods used by traditional healers to treat psychiatric disorders. In our study we found that traditional healers used some common methods for treatment of different psychological disorders.

22. Sr. No Contains 1 Taweez 2 Water of prayer 3 Lemons 4 Eye drops of Lemon juice 5 Rose water 6 Sarsoon Oil 7 Eggs 8 Abdominal organs of dead girl 9 Black cloth 10 Sugar 11 Camphor 12 Taweez made up of silver plate Material given by Traditional Healers to Patients for protection from Jinn (Ghost) & Effect of Jadu (Black Magic)

23. To study the different methods used by traditional healers to treat psychiatric disorders Commonly traditional healers (T.H) give taweez to wear in neck or tie around waist or to burn and take smoke of it or drink water in which Taweez is dissolved. Lemon juice to use as eye drops,to throw in a particular area, cut selected numbers of lemon over the head, to keep in rooms, under pillows, Using white cock, black crow, abdominal organs like liver, kidney, to treat these patients. Water on which they read something. A material called ‘anjan’ as eye ointment.

24. Sr. No. ICD–10 Faith healers Diagnosis Different Method used by faith healers to treat Psychiatric Disorders No. of Pts Sex M - F Qualification Average 1 F : 44.5 Dissociative Disorders Effect of Jinn, Black Magic Advised Taveez for wearing, Advised Taveez for wearing, 2 1 - 1 25 years Literate Illiterate 2 F : 23 Acute and transient psychotic disorder Effect of Jinn in 4 pts, Black Magic in 1 Pts Made no diagnosis in 4 Patients Advised Taveez for wearing, Given Glass of water on which faith healer red something, puts lemon juice in eyes, asked take bath from water of different wells, mixing rose water 9 4 – 5 20 years Tenth 3 F : 31 Manic Depressive Disorder Effect of Jinn in 2 pts, Effect of black magic in 2 pts Advised Taveez for wearing, to keep Taveez below pillow, cutting lemon all over the patients body, used oil of sersoon 4 3 – 1 22 years Ninth Age Average 4 F : 20 Schizophrenia 24 pts effect of Jinn, 12 pts Effect of Black Magic, 6 pts made no diagnosis Advised Taveez for wearing, given water for drinking, advised to take smoke of Taveez, cutting lemon all over the patients body, given boiled egg Used Taveez to drink in milk, advised to bring Kidney of dead girl, owl, black sindoor 42 24 – 18 25 years Tenth 5 F : 32 Depressive Disorder 13 pts effect of Jinn, 5 pts effects of Black Magic, 7 pts made no diagnosis Advised Taveez for wearing to tie on waist To take smoke of Taveez, to drink a glass of water on which he read something, lemon to eat, eggs, black cloth, sugar for eating, bath 4 Fridays regularly 25 13 – 12 30 years Tenth

25. 6 F : 10 Addiction 3 pts effect of black magic, 3 pts made no diagnosis, 1 pts effect of Jinn Taveez to wear, to burn, to take smoke, water for drinking, using cloths, candles 7 7 – 0 25 years Tenth 7 F : 70 Mental Retardation 1 pts effect of Jinn, 1 pts effect of Black Magic Taveez for wear, Taveez made of silver plate, written Arabic words, advised to bring goat, cock, eggs, 2 1 – 1 20 years Literate 8 F : 44 Epilepsy Effect of Jinn Taveez for wear, 1 0 – 1 35 years Seventh 9 F : 30 Hypo Mania 3 pts effect of Jinn, 2 pts effect of Black Magic, 1 pts made no diagnosis Taveez for wear, Taveez used in drinking water, cutting lemon all over the body, rubs ash on body, tie Taveez on waist, 6 1 – 5 25 years Eighth 10 F : 42 Obsessive compulsive disorder Effect of Jinn In both cases Burn Taveez, to take smoke of Taveez during night, using candle 2 2 – 0 15 years Tenth

26. Images of material given by traditional healers

27. Taweez

28. Taweez

29. Taweez

30. Taweez

31. Taweez

32. Taweez

33. Taweez

34. Taweez

35. Metal ring and threads

36. Metal ring

37. Taweez

38. Types of Magic described by Amilin (T.H) • Sahar.. Tafriq • Sahar.. Mohabat • Sahar.. Takhayul • Sahar.. Junun • Sahar.. Khamul • Sahar.. Havathif • Sahar.. Amraz • Sahar.. Istahaza

39. Taweez

40. Taweez

41. Taweez

42. Taweez

43. Metal plates with written Arabic words

44. Contents of Taweez • Most of the Taweez contain numbers, Arabic words, names of angels, soil, grass, plain scented papers.

45. Result :Among psychiatric patients 100% patients and there relatives have faith on Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) as a cause of mental illness. All patients had faith on Allah, prayers and healing power of prayers. A vast majority of patients did prayers and rituals on regular basis. In our study all patients(100%) went to traditional healers.

46. Among these 100 patients who are suffering from different psychiatric disorders as per ICD-10,traditional healers diagnosed 52 patients as Jinn effect, 29 patients under the influence of black magic and for 19 patients no diagnosis was made.

47. These results shows that there is deep rooted faith and belief in Ghost and Black magic as a cause of mental illness in Muslim patients, it is because in holy Quran there are number of verses about existence of Jinn, but after reviewing (Quran) it is not proved that a Jinn can cause symptoms describe by faith healers in their diagnosis, and one can get control over Jinn or use Jinn for his desired work.

48. Along with this there is a lot of literature available in Urdu which talks about Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic), even in the dramas of Shakespeare there is a character of inhuman power, most of the stories of children contain Jinn character this is fixed in minds since childhood and become a firm belief about Jinn and black magic. Considering this fact I have written book in Urdu, titled “Jinn Jadu, YaNafsyatiAmraz” ?

49. “Jinn Jadu yaNafsyatiAmraz” ? 1st Edition 2nd Edition Written by Dr. A.A.Quadri

50. Black magic was done in the period of Solomon (PBUH) and Moses (PBUH) but no definite methodology has been described and mentioned in holy book the Quran.