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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Energy Thermochemistry Introduction to Thermodynamics Enthalpy Calorimetry ] Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction Thermochemistry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Energy Use and the Environment Thermochemistry(continued) ] Thermochemistry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Thermochemistry > Energy Energy • Types of Energy • Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/energy-57/

  7. Thermochemistry > Introduction to Thermodynamics Introduction to Thermodynamics • The First Law of Thermodynamics • Heat and Work Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/introduction-to-thermodynamics-58/

  8. Thermochemistry > Enthalpy Enthalpy • Internal Energy and Enthalpy • Exothermic and Endothermic Processes • Thermochemical Equations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/enthalpy-59/

  9. Thermochemistry > Calorimetry Calorimetry • Specific Heat and Heat Capacity • Constant-Volume Calorimetry • Constant-Pressure Calorimetry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/calorimetry-60/

  10. Thermochemistry > Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction • Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes • Standard Enthalpy of Reaction • Hess's Law • Heat of Solution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/standard-enthalpy-of-formation-and-reaction-61/

  11. Thermochemistry > Energy Use and the Environment Energy Use and the Environment • Present Sources of Energy • Energy Consumption • Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil Fuel Use • New Energy Sources Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/energy-use-and-the-environment-62/

  12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Thermochemistry Key terms • adiabaticNot allowing any transfer of heat energy; perfectly insulating. • alternative energyEnergy derived from any renewable source; i.e., energy not from fossil fuels or nuclear fission. • anthropogenicHaving its origin in the influence of human activity on nature. • biomassAn alternative energy source consisting of wood, corn, and some types of garbage, which can be burned for fuel. • bomb calorimeterA bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. • calorieThe amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C. It is a non-SI unit of energy equivalent to approximately 4.18 Joules. A Calorie (with a capital C) = 1000 calories. • chemical energyThe net potential energy liberated or absorbed during the course of a chemical reaction. • coffee-cup calorimeterAn example of constant-pressure calorimeter. • constant-pressure calorimeterMeasures the change in enthalpy of a reaction occurring in solution, during which the pressure remains constant. • endothermicOf a chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings. • endothermicA description of a chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings. • enthalpyIn thermodynamics, a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Thermochemistry • enthalpyIn thermodynamics, a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system. • enthalpyIn thermodynamics, a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system. The change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction is symbolized as ΔH. • enthalpyIn thermodynamics, a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system. • enthalpy of solutionThe heat association with dissolving a particular solute in a particular solvent. • exothermicOf a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat. • exothermicA description of a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings. • first law of thermodynamicsA version of the law of conservation of energy, specialized for thermodynamical systems, that states that the energy of an isolated system is constant and can neither be created nor destroyed. • first law of thermodynamicsHeat and work are forms of energy transfer; the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred into or out of it. • fossil fuelAny fuel derived from hydrocarbon deposits such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and, to some extent, peat. These fuels are irreplaceable and burning them generates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. • global warmingA sustained increase in the average temperature of the earth, sufficient to cause climate change. • greenhouse gasAny gas, such as carbon dioxide or CFCs, that contributes to the greenhouse effect when released into the atmosphere. • greenhouse gasAny gas, such as carbon dioxide or CFCs, that contributes to the greenhouse effect when released into the atmosphere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Thermochemistry • heatThe energy transferred from one system to another by thermal interaction. • heat capacityThe capability of a substance to absorb heat energy; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole or gram of a substance by one degree Celsius without any change of phase. • heat of solutionThe enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure, resulting in infinite dilution. • Hess's lawStates that, if an overall reaction takes place in several steps, its standard reaction enthalpy is the sum of the standard enthalpies of the intermediate reactions, at the same temperature. • Hess's lawStates that the enthalpy change for a reaction is the same whether it occurs in one step or in a series of steps. • internal energyA property characteristic of the state of a thermodynamic system, the change in which is equal to the heat absorbed minus the work done by the system. • kinetic energyThe energy possessed by an object because of its motion, equal to one half the mass of the body times the square of its velocity. • law of conservation of energyStates that the total amount of energy in any isolated system remains constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can change forms. • nuclear powerPower, especially electrical power, obtained using nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. • potential energyEnergy possessed by an object because of its position (in a gravitational or electric field), or its condition (as a stretched or compressed spring, as a chemical reactant, or by having rest mass). • renewable energyEnergy that can be replenished at the same rate as it is used. • renewable energyEnergy that can be replenished at the same rate as it is used. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Thermochemistry • solvationThe process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute; also called dissolution. • specific heat capacityThe amount of heat that must be added or removed from a unit mass of a substance to change its temperature by one Kelvin. • standard enthalpy of formationThe change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements, with all substances in their standard states; also called "standard heat of formation." • standard enthalpy of reactionThe enthalpy change that occurs in a system when one mole of matter is transformed by a chemical reaction under standard conditions. • standard stateIn chemistry, a reference point used to calculate a material's (pure substance, mixture, or solution) properties under different conditions. • thermochemical equationA special equation type, denoting the overall change in energy. • thermochemistryThe study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. • workA measure of energy expended by moving an object, usually considered to be force times distance. No work is done if the object does not move. • workThe transfer of energy by any process other than heat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Thermochemistry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Heat Transfer/Introduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Heat_Transfer/Introduction%23Heat_capacity_or_specific_heatView on Boundless.com

  18. Thermochemistry Nuclear power plant in Germany Nuclear (fission) power stations, excluding the contribution from naval nuclear fission reactors, provided about 5.7% of the world's energy and 13% of the world's electricity in 2012. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Kernkraftwerk Grafenrheinfeld."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kernkraftwerk_Grafenrheinfeld_-_2013.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Thermochemistry The system and surroundings A basic diagram showing the fundamental distinction between the system and its surroundings in thermodynamics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com WikiPedia."System Boundary."CC BY 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:System_boundary.svgView on Boundless.com

  20. Thermochemistry Rocket launch The powerful chemical reaction propelling the rocket lets off tremendous heat to the surroundings and does work on the surroundings (the rocket) as well. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com File:Soyuz TMA-05M rocket launches from Baikonur 4.jpg."File:Soyuz TMA-05M rocket launches from Baikonur 4.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-05M_rocket_launches_from_Baikonur_4.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Thermochemistry Enthalpy An explanation of why enthalpy can be viewed as "heat content" in a constant pressure system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  22. Thermochemistry Endothermic reaction In an endothermic reaction, the products are higher in energy than the reactants. Therefore, the change in enthalpy is positive, and heat is absorbed from the surroundings by the reaction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Endothermic Reaction."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endothermic_Reaction.pngView on Boundless.com

  23. Thermochemistry Dissolution of NaCl in water Dissolution of sodium chloride in water is endothermic. Solute-solvent attractive bond formation (the exothermic step in the process of solvation) is indicated by dashed lines. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com African Virtual University.CC BYhttp://oer.avu.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/43/Chemistry%202%20-%20Introductory%20General.pdf?sequence=6View on Boundless.com

  24. Thermochemistry Graphite Graphite is the most stable state of carbon and is used in thermochemistry to define the heat of formation of carbon compounds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."GraphiteUSGOV."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GraphiteUSGOV.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Thermochemistry Potential energy vs. kinetic energy Water behind a dam has potential energy. Moving water, such as in a waterfall or a rapidly flowing river, has kinetic energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_06_03_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Thermochemistry Endothermic and exothermic reactions Paul Andersen explains how heat can be absorbed in endothermic or released in exothermic reactions. An energy diagram can be used to show energy movements in these reactions and temperature can be used to measure them macroscopically. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  27. Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity tutorial This lesson relates heat to a change in temperature. It discusses how the amount of heat needed for a temperature change is dependent on mass and the substance involved, and that relationship is represented by the specific heat capacity of the substance, C. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  28. Thermochemistry The first law of thermodynamics Shown are two examples of energy being transferred from one system to another and transformed from one form to another. Humans can convert the chemical energy in food, like this ice cream cone, into kinetic energy by riding a bicycle. Plants can convert electromagnetic radiation (light energy) from the sun into chemical energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Laws of Thermodynamics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44424/latest/Figure_06_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Thermochemistry Chemical energy The molecules in gasoline (octane, the chemical formula shown) contain chemical energy. This energy is transformed into kinetic energy that allows a car to race on a racetrack. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_06_03_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Thermochemistry Tin White tin (on the left) is the most stable allotrope of tin, and is used as its standard state for thermodynamic calculations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sn-Alpha-Beta."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Thermochemistry Global energy use by source, 2010 Fossil fuels remain our primary source of energy. Renewable energy sources only comprised 16.7% of our energy in 2010. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Total World Energy Consumption by Source 2010."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Total_World_Energy_Consumption_by_Source_2010.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Thermochemistry Chemical reaction A thermite reaction, which produces molten iron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Chemical reaction."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionView on Boundless.com

  33. Thermochemistry Thermochemical equations Thermochemical equations can describe endothermic or exothermic reactions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Endothermic."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endothermic.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Thermochemistry Graphical representation of Hess's law The net reaction here is A being converted into D, and the change in enthalpy for that reaction is ΔH. However, we can see that the net reaction is a result of A being converted into B, which is then converted into C, which is finally converted into D. By Hess's law, the net change in enthalpy of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the changes in enthalpy for each intermediate transformation: ΔH = ΔH1+ΔH2+ΔH3. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hess."CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Hess_Law.pngView on Boundless.com

  35. Thermochemistry A calculation of standard enthalpy of reaction (∆H°rxn) from standard heats of formation (∆H°f) A standard enthalpy of reaction (∆H°rxn) problem, involving ethylene and oxygen as reactants to yield carbon dioxide and gaseous water, is shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  36. Thermochemistry Hess's law lesson This lesson uses two methods to find the heat of reaction for a given reaction. First it looks at combining reactions according to Hess's law and their heats of reaction, and then it discusses using standard heats of formation of the reactants and products to find the overall heat of reaction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  37. Thermochemistry Bomb calorimeter A schematic representation of a bomb calorimeter used for the measurement of heats of combustion. The weighed sample is placed in a crucible, which in turn is placed in the bomb. The sample is burned completely in oxygen under pressure. The sample is ignited by an iron wire ignition coil that glows when heated. The calorimeter is filled with fluid, usually water, and insulated by means of a jacket. The temperature of the water is measured with the thermometer. From the change in temperature, the heat of reaction can be calculated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."ChemicalPrinciplesFig2-4."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:ChemicalPrinciplesFig2-4.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Thermochemistry The decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen When water is heated to over 2000 degrees Celsius, a small fraction will decompose into hydrogen and oxygen. Significant heat energy is needed for this reaction to proceed, so the reaction is endothermic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com WikiPedia."Electrolysis of Water."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water%23mediaviewer/File:Electrolysis_of_Water.pngView on Boundless.com

  39. Thermochemistry Exothermic reaction In an exothermic reaction, the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. Therefore, the change in enthalpy is negative, and heat is released to the surroundings. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Exothermic Reaction."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exothermic_Reaction.pngView on Boundless.com

  40. Thermochemistry Interactive: Seeing Specific Heat and Latent Heat Specific heat capacity is the measure of the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by one kelvin. Latent heat of melting describes tœhe amount of heat required to melt a solid. When a solid is undergoing melting, the temperature basically remains constant until the entire solid is molten. The above simulation demonstrates the specific heat and the latent heat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  41. Thermochemistry Global carbon emissions by energy source Total carbon emissions has risen exponentially since the industrial revolution, from approximately 1 billion metric tons pre-1900 to 10 billion metric tons now. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Global Carbon Emissions.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  42. Thermochemistry Wind turbines in Columbia A wind turbine is a device that converts the natural kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. Wind turbines provide a green source of alternative energy, as opposed to the burning of fossil fuels which contributes to climate change. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Jepirachí."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jepirach%C3%AD.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Thermochemistry Global energy capacity expansion by renewable source Total renewable power capacity has been increasing over the past several years, from roughly 100 GW in 2005 to nearly 400 GW in 2007. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GlobalREPowerCapacity-exHydro-Eng.pngView on Boundless.com

  44. Thermochemistry Sugarcane being harvested for ethanol production Ethanol is a quasi-renewable energy source. This is because, while the energy is partially generated by non-depletable sunlight, the harvesting process requires vast amounts of energy that typically comes from non-renewable sources. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sugarcane harvest."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saccharum-officinarum-harvest.JPGView on Boundless.com

  45. Thermochemistry Arctic sea ice loss This time series, based on satellite data, shows the annual Arctic sea ice minimum since 1979. It shows a steady decrease over time; the September 2010 extent was the third lowest in the satellite record. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Arctic sea ice loss animation."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_sea_ice_loss_animation.gifView on Boundless.com

  46. Thermochemistry Global temperature, 1880-2010 Global temperature has risen steadily since the industrial revolution. The graph shows an increase of about 1 degree Celsius since 1910. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Global Temperature Anomaly 1880-2010 (Fig.A)."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Temperature_Anomaly_1880-2010_(Fig.A).gifView on Boundless.com

  47. Thermochemistry Coffee cup calorimeter A styrofoam cup with an inserted thermometer can be used as a calorimeter, in order to measure the change in enthalpy/heat of reaction at constant pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Coffee_cup_calorimeter_pic.jpg."CC BY 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_cup_calorimeter_pic.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Thermochemistry An illustration of thermal equilibrium The can of cola and ice cube start at different temperatures. When they come into contact, heat is transferred from the cola can to the ice cube until both bodies reach thermal equilibrium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Heat. October 20, 2012."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m42223/latest/View on Boundless.com

  49. Thermochemistry Attribution • Wikipedia."Renewable energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy • Wikipedia."Ethanol fuel."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel • Wiktionary."renewable energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renewable_energy • Wiktionary."alternative energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alternative_energy • Wikipedia."Global warming."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming • Wiktionary."anthropogenic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropogenic • Wiktionary."greenhouse gas."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greenhouse_gas • Wiktionary."global warming."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/global_warming • Wikipedia."Standard enthalpy of reaction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reaction • Wikipedia."Standard enthalpy of formation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation • Steve Lower's Website."Thermochemistry and calorimetry."CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/energetics/CE-4.html#SEC1 • Wikipedia."Constant-pressure calorimeter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-pressure_calorimeter%23Constant-pressure_calorimeter • Wikipedia."constant-pressure calorimeter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/constant-pressure%20calorimeter • Wikipedia."coffee-cup calorimeter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coffee-cup%20calorimeter • Wikipedia."Specific heat."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat • Wiktionary."specific heat capacity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/specific_heat_capacity • Wiktionary."degrees of freedom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/degrees_of_freedom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  50. Thermochemistry • Wiktionary."heat capacity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heat_capacity • Wikibooks."Heat Transfer/Introduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Heat_Transfer/Introduction%23Heat_capacity_or_specific_heat • Wikipedia."Hess's law."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess's_law • Wiktionary."law of conservation of energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/law_of_conservation_of_energy • Wikipedia."Hess's law."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess's%20law • Wikipedia."Constant-volume calorimeter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-volume_calorimeter%23Calvet-type_calorimeters • Wikipedia."bomb calorimeter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bomb%20calorimeter • Wiktionary."calorie."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calorie • Wikipedia."Chemical reaction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction • Wiktionary."endothermic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endothermic • Wiktionary."enthalpy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enthalpy • Wiktionary."exothermic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exothermic • Wikipedia."Work (thermodynamics)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics) • Wikipedia."Heat."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat • Wikipedia."heat."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heat • Wikipedia."Thermochemistry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry • Steve Lower's Website.CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pre/enheat.html • Steve Lower's Website."Energy, heat, and work in Chemistry."CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/energetics/CE-1.html#SEC3 • Steve Lower's Website."Energy, heat, and work in Chemistry."CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/energetics/CE-1.html#SEC3 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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