Paulo F. Ribeiro, MBA, Ph.D., PE Interim 2008

1. Calvin College Engineering Department Introduction to Electric Power and Energy SystemsPower Engineering = The Power to Transform and Restore To a City From a Garden Paulo F. Ribeiro, MBA, Ph.D., PE Interim 2008 1

2. A Reflection on Technology Despite its limitations and dangers, technology can alleviate in part the bind in which humankind naturally finds itself. Appropriate technology can increase life’s possibilities, decrease physical burdens and difficulties at work, and free people from routine activities while opening the door to all kinds of mental creative labor. Natural disasters can be averted, illness overcome, and, in a certain sense, with the aid of electronics and microprocessors, the deaf can hear, the blind can see, and the lame walk again. Technology development can provide a degree of social security, and increase available information so as to extend and deepen communications. Adapted from “Perspectives on Technology and Culture,” by Egbert Schuurman 2

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5. Syllabus - Schedule - 2:00PM – 5:00PM - - - Room SB 128 Professor: Paulo F. Ribeiro SB134 x 6407 pfribeiro@ieee.org Skype: aslan52 5

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7. Course Instructions • Text • Class Notes; Internet / Web Resources • References: The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. CRC / IEEE Press, 2000. • Power System Analysis, Hadi Saadat, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002. • Power System Analysis, 2nd Edition, Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal, Prentice-Hall, 1999. Power Systems Analysis John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson McGraw-Hill, 1994.Elements of Power Systems Analysis, 4th Edition, William D. Stevenson, McGraw-Hill, 1982. Electrical Energy Systems Theory, Olle Elgerd, McGraw-Hill, 1971; Power Systems Analysis, Charles Gross, John Wiley & Sons, 1979 • Power System Analysis & Design, J.D. Glover and M. Sarma, 2nd Edition, PWS Publishers, 1994 • Web Resources (?????????????????????????????????????????????) • Some Suggested Topics For Final Paper • Distributed Generation, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy Sources • Exploring Grid Operations With PowerWorld • Exploring Power Systems and Power Electronics Transients With PSCAD/EMTDC • Designing A Distribution System With EasyPower • Harmonic Propagation Analysis (Using PSpice and/or MathCAD) • Power Quality Survey/Diagnostic at Calvin College (Using Fluke 43) • Perspectives on Deregulation of the Power Utility Industry • Environmental Impact of Power Systems • Using the Internet for Power Systems Monitoring • Grades • (based on homework assignments, class participation, final paper/presentation, class log/notes) • Pass (S) • Pass Honor (H) For Outstanding Work • Fail (U)(*) • (*) incomplete/insufficient assignments and/or missed two class periods • Paper 8-10 Pages (IEEE Paper Format) • Presentation 20 minutes • Teams of two students 7

8. Course Instructions My objective is to provide you with a learning environment in which you will learn the fundamentals of power systems. My approach is to encourage the student to learn how to learn. To take ownership of the learning process: Initiative, involvement, interactive participation are the keys to an effective learning experience. Please keep me informed if you do not feel that I have been successful in this goal. Do not wait until evaluation time to express your frustrations. I want to listen to your concerns or difficulties with the material, and am always available to help you outside the classroom. 8

9. Objectives/Introductory Words: • To introduce a broad range of theory and methods related to AC power system analysis and design. • To develop familiarity with power system engineering components, equipment and analytical tools • To understand and study of the largest machine ever built-the integrated power grid. • To understand the use of transmission grids as a means of transport/delivery of energy. • To use tools for the analysis of power systems (PowerWorld, EasyPower, PSCAD/EMTP). • To investigate flow of power on a power grid. • To understand voltage regulation, real and reactive power, three phase power, power quality, efficiency, practical stability limits, etc., etc. • To become familiar with management and environmental issues associated with transmission grids / power systems. 9

10. Introduction to Power Systems: Syllabus • Concepts and Applications: • Introduction (Structure of Power Systems) • Basic Principles (AC Power) • Generation • Transmission Lines • Transformers • Power Flow • Stability • Transient and Harmonic Studies • Computer Programs • MathCAD, PSpice, MATLAB / Simulink (PowerSym), PowerWord, EasyPower, EMTDC/PSCAD • Advanced Topics: • Distributed Generation, Renewable Power, Efficiency 10

11. Projects 1 – Small Hydro Power Plant – City of Plainwell, Michigan Feasibility Study for Recovery of Plant 2 – Belknap Lookout Community – Feasibility Study of Developing Wind Power Generation Project 3 – Consumers Energy – Control Center in Ada – Work on possible projects at the Control Center. 11

12. Projects Erik Wilson, Manager City of Plainwell 12

13. Projects Steve Faber Newberry Place 13

14. Projects Mark Luehmann, Consumers Energy 14

15. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems Power System Analysis, Computing and Economics Computing applicationsDistribution system analysisEconomics, market organization, cost structures, pricing, and risk managementIntelligent system applicationsReliability, uncertainty, and probability and stochastic system applications Power System Dynamic Performance Power system dynamic modeling: components and systemsPower system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniquesPower system stability controls: design and applicationsPower system dynamic measurementsPower system interaction with turbine generatorsDynamic security assessment: techniques and applications, risk-based methods Power System Operations Power system dynamic modeling: components and systemsPower system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniquesEnergy control centersDistribution operationSystem controlOperating economics and pricing 15

16. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems Power System Planning & Implementation Generation system resource planningTransmission system planningDistribution system planningIntegrated resource planning and distributed resource planningLoad forecastingCustomer products and services planning and implementationIndustry restructuring planning and policy issues Insulated Conductors Construction and design of cables (materials and manufacturing)Construction, design and testing of cable accessories (cable terminations and joints)Construction, operation, and testing of cable systemAssembly, operation, and testing of station, control (including fiberoptic), and utilization cables (non-transmission and distribution cables) Power Engineering Education New instruction methods (software/ internet / laboratory / combined with research)Virtual classrooms/laboratoryDistance educationLife-long learning 16

17. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems Electric Machinery DC MachinesPermanent magnet machinery systemsSwitched and variable reluctance machinesIntegral horsepower induction machineryWound rotor induction machinerySingle phase induction motorsElectronic drives for electric machineryInduction generators for grid and isolated applicationsSynchronous generatorsMotor/generator sets for pumped storageSynchronous motors materials to electric machineryElectrical machinery theoryNumerical analysis of electric machineryPower processing equipmentInsulation for electric machineryApplication of magnetic materials to electric machineryApplication of superconducting Power System Communications Communication systemsCommunication mediaCommunication protocolsCommunication standardizationHome automation and communication 17

18. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Digital technology for measurementsElectricity meteringHigh voltage testingMeasurement techniques for impedance elements Power System Relaying Digital protection systemsAdaptive protectionsPower system protectionProtection of electrical equipmentRelaying communicationsRelaying for consumer interface Substations Substation automationIntelligent electronic devices (IEDs)Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)Substation designHigh voltage power electronics stationsGas insulated substations (GIS) 18

19. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems Surge Proctective Devices Design/testing of high voltage surge protective devices (>1000V)Application of high voltage surge protective devices (>1000V)Design/testing of low voltage surge protective devices (<1000V)Application of low voltage surge protective devices (<1000V) Nuclear Power Engineering Nuclear power plant controlsModeling, simulations and controlmonitoring and instrumentation Transformer Power and instrument transformersInsulating fluidsDielectric testingAudible noise and vibrationTransformer modeling techniques 19

20. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems Transmission and Distribution AC transmission and distribution facilitiesLightning phenomena and insulator performanceOverhead line conductors: thermal and mechanical aspectsCorona, electric, and magnetic fieldsTowers, poles, and hardwareCapacitors, shunt and series capacitor banks, and harmonic filter banksHVDC transmission and distribution, FACTS and power electronic applications to ac transmissionHarmonics and power qualityTransients, switching surges, and electromagnetic noiseMaintenance and operation of overhead linesWork procedures, safety, tools, and equipmentSuperconductivity analysis and devicesDistributed resources Energy Development and Power Generation Excitation systemsPower system stabilizersAdvanced energy technologies, Renewable energy technologiesStation design, operations, and controlModeling, simulation and control of power plantsMonitoring and instrumentation of power plantsControl of distributed generationHydroelectric power plants, Power plant scheduling, Engineering economic issuesInternational practices in energy development 20

21. An Overview of Power and Energy Systems …… Make sure you have your students run LOTS of load flows... PowerWorld has an excellent demo package for schools. You can be sure to tell them that in the "real world" though, we are running 30,000+ bus load flows! However, they will NOT have to know anything about wavelets! :-) We have a lot of positions open and will have more in the near future. Regards, W.G, Ph.D., P.E. Supervisor, Operations Engineering Southwest Power Pool 21

22. Objectives/Introductory Words: The Big Picture 22

23. Objectives/Introductory Words: Itaipu - A Great Story The control center of the 18 generators - Left half of it (in Brazil) controls the 60 Hz units, right half  (in Paraguay) controls the 50 Hz units A 18 kV to 525 kV transformer for 825 MVATo increase the voltage of the generators, transformers with a capacity of 825 MVA and 768 MV, for 50 and 60 Hz respectively, were specified Inside the ITAIPU PowerhouseDimensions: length: 986 m, maximum height: 112 m and width: 99m. The red line on the floor indicates the border of Brazil and Paraguay Electricity (AC) leaving ITAPU to Sao Paulo - 6,300 MW of electrical power generated by the 60 Hz units is transported by an 891 km AC transmission system, formed by three lines of 750 kV. Source: http://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu_conv.html 23

24. Objectives/Introductory Words: Power System Components Electrical Components Light bulb Socket Wire to switch Switch Wire to circuit box Circuit breaker Watthourmeter Connection to distribution system Distribution transformer Distribution system Substation Capacitors Circuit breakers Disconnects Buses Transformers Subtransmission system Capacitor banks Tap changers Current transformers Potential transformers Protective relaying Reactors Metal-oxide varistors Transmission system Suspension insulators Lightning arrestors Generator step-up transformers Generators 24

25. Objectives/Introductory Words: Non-Electrical Components Glass for bulbs Manufacture of bulbs Sockets Switches Circuit box Steel for circuit box Copper for wire Aluminum for wire Poles for overhead lines Transmission towers Maintenance Plastics for capacitor insulation Controls for protec. relaying schem. Communications for data and protection Fiber optics for communications Foundations for substation equipment Excavation equipment and crews Ceramics and polymers for suspension insulators Oil for transformers and circuit breakers Gas for insulated substations Springs for circuit breakers Process control for component manufacturing Computers for process control Computers for generation control and dispatch Turbines for turning generator Coal for making steam to turn turbine Trains for hauling coal Cars Bridges People 25

26. Objectives/Introductory Words: Basics Facts, Issues and Questions · Electricity discovery and development · The value of electricity as a commodity · Voltage and current, AC vs DC, single phase vs three phase · What is the difference between power and energy? · Reactive power, power factor and power factor correction · How is electricity generated? · Costs and characteristics of different types of generation – traditional and emerging (fossil, nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, fuel cell, microturbine, etc.) · System impacts of distributed generation · How can electricity be stored? · Generation Transmission Distribution · Why are different voltage levels use? · Why do we have overhead lines instead of all underground? · Why do we interconnect? 26

27. Objectives/Introductory Words: Power system operation and control · Typical load demand cycles: daily, seasonal; Load forecasting · How is power transmitted from one place to another and what are the costs? · Differences between short, medium and long lines · Why is it important to maintain frequency, voltages, synchronism, etc.? · Active and reactive power losses, voltage drop, reactive power transfer · How is frequency maintained? Technical issues · Power system limits, stability · Power system reliability, security, contingencies, reserve margins · Lightning and Over-voltage Protection · Harmonics and distortion and their effects · Voltage sags and short-term interruptions: causes and effects · Power system transients (switching, fault initiation and clearing, transient recovery voltage) 27

28. Objectives/Introductory Words: • Regulatory and policy issues • · History of regulation in the US and abroad • · Federal and National organizations • · Conservation: what works and are there new ideas? • · The role of regulators in the US • · Electricity restructuring • · The role of the US Federal vs. State governments • · What happened in California? 28

29. Objectives/Introductory Words: • Historical Context Static electricity discovered about 600 BC by Thales. Electromagnetism studied systematically by William Gilbert, 1600 First battery, Allessandro Volta, 1800 Relationship between current and magnetism, Andre Ampere, 1825 Ohm’s law, George Ohm, 1827 Faraday’s law, Michael Faraday, 1831 Maxwell’s Equations, James Clerk Maxwell, 1864 First practical generator and motor, Zenobe Thoephile Gramme, 1873 Incandescent Lamp, Thomas Edison, 1879 First power station Pearl Street, Manhattan, Thomas Edison, 1882 First Hydroelectric plant, Appleton Wisconsin, 1882 DC motor produced, Frank J. Sprague, 1884 Transformer demonstrated, William Stanley, 1886 Polyphase AC system, induction and synchronous motors, Nicola Tesla, 1888 First single-phase Transmission line in US, Oregon, 1889 - By 1900, over 3000 Stations 29

30. Objectives/Introductory Words: Recent Developments High-speed relay systems High-speed, EHV circuit breakers Surge Arresters (MOVs) Communications applications in power systems Energy control centers with SCADA and AGC Development of power electronics devices Adjustable speed drives / motors Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 30

31. Objectives/Introductory Words: • Current Issues • Two extensive outages in 1996 • July 2, 1996 • Combined issues of Power system stability • Protective Relaying • System Planning • Two million customers affected in 14 states, Canada and Mexico • Initiating event related to power line touching a tree • August 10, 1996 • 4 million customers affected in 9 states • Initiating event: over heated transmission lines sag to trees • Utility Deregulation • The intention is that removing state regulation from utility operation will reduce prices. • A number of states already have legislation in place requiring deregulation, California is already phasing it in. 31

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40. 12 - 34,5 kV Itaipú Per Generator 750 MVA, 18 kV => 24.000 A PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

41. Transformation Transformer to 500 kV 890 A PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

42. 7,2 kV PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

43. 7,2 kV ... Transmission PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

44. Substations PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

45. LT Nova Ponte – São Gotardo - Bom Despacho 500 kV LT Nova Ponte - Estreito 500 kV LT Araçuai 2 – Irapé 230 kV LT Emborcação – Nova Ponte 500 kV LT Itumbiara – Nova Ponte 500 kV PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

46. Jurupari-Macapá 230kV Tucuruí-Manaus 500 kV Norte-Nordeste 500 kV Acre/Rondônia- SE/CO 230 kV Norte-Sul III 500 kV Reforços nas Regiões SE/CO 500 kV Sul-Sudeste 525 kV PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

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49. Transformers PMS/UNIFEI/GQEE

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