Civil Liberties & Civil Rights

1. Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Ch. 5 & Ch. 6

2. Civil Liberties • Personal rights & freedoms that cannot be abridged • Limits governments power to restrain or dictate how we act • Conflict occurs when individuals or groups exercise their rights and the gov’t seeks to control that exercise in the interest of the rights of others and to keep order

3. The 1st Const. Amendments • Anti-Federalists • Incorporation Doctrine • BoR & Fed Govt • 14th extends BoR to States • Sec 1. Due Process Clause • Gitlow v. New York, 1925 • Speech • Near v. Minnesota, 1931 • Press • Selective Incorporation • Palko v. Connecticut, 1937 • Dbl Jeopardy doesn’t Apply to States • Higher burden of proof to the states

4. 1st Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Religion • Establishment Clause • Engel v. Vitale, 1962 • Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971 • State aid to Parochial Schools • The Lemon Test • Secular Purpose • Neither Advances of prohibits Religion • No excessive entanglement • Free Exercise Clause • Can’t deny practice • Not Absolute • Polygamy • Illegal Drugs

5. 1st Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Speech & Press • Not absolute • Limiting Speech • Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) • Federalists v. Dem-Republicans • Expired • Slavery & Speech • North v. South • Lincoln & the Press • Anti-Gov’t • Espionage Act • Schenck v. U.S., 1919 • Direct Incitement Test, 1969 • Libel & Slander • What are they? • New York v. Sullivan, 1964 • Public Figure Libel, 1991

6. 1st Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Speech & Press • Obscenity & Pornography • The Supreme Court says… • Roth v. US, 1957 • Miller v. California, 1973 • LAPS Test • Congress says… • Laws • Fed Funding for Arts • The Internet • SC says… • Decency OK • Rules for the Net

7. 1st Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Speech & Press • What Types of Speech are protected? • Symbolic Speech • Symbols, signs & flags • Prior Restraint • Rarely allowed • NY Times v. US, 1971 • Hate & Unpopular Speech • Clarence Thomas & Cross Burning • Since 9/11

8. The 2nd Amendment: The Right to Keep and Bear Arms • Incorporation? • Small Case Load • US v. Miller, 1939 • Sawed off Shotguns & Automatic Weapons • Restrictions on Guns • Brady Bill • Violent Crimes Control and Law Enforcement Act

9. The Rights of Criminal Defendants • Rights of Due Process • 4th Amendment • Protection from Searches • 5 Warrantless Searches • Drug Tests • 5th Amendment • Protection from Yourself • Voluntary Confessions • Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 • 2000

10. The Rights of Criminal Defendants • 4th & 5th & the Exclusionary Rule • Weeks v. US, 1914 • Illegal Evidence • “Good Faith Exceptions” • 6th Amendment & Counsel • Right to Counsel • Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 • Jury Trials • 6 Month sentence

11. The Rights of Criminal Defendants • 8th Amendment • The Death Penalty • SC Flip Flopping • Important Cases • Furman v. GA, 1972 • Gregg v. GA, 1976 • McKleskey v. Kemp, 1987 • McKleskey v. Zant, 1991 • Recent Trends • Juveniles • DNA Testing

12. The Right to Privacy • Not enumerated • Birth Control • Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965 • Abortion • Roe v. Wade, 1973 • Blackmun’s Opinion • Other Cases • The Hyde Amendments • Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 1989 • MO Law • Planned Parenthood of SE PA v. Casey, 1992 • Waiting Periods in MS • Homosexuality, 1996 • The Right to Die • General Rules • Living Wills

13. Civil Rights • Positive acts by govt’s to protect against arbitrary or discriminatory action by gov’t or individuals. • Those seeking to equality have used the Const. and litigation strategies, among other methods such as protest, lobbying, civil disobedience, and appeals to public opinion to gain protection from the gov’t.

14. Slavery, Abolition, & The Right to Vote, 1800-1900 • Slavery & Congress • Slave Trade Agreement, 1808 • North v. South • New States? • MO Compromise, 1820 • Abolitionists: The 1st Movement • Garrison & Douglass • Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1850 • Movement For Women • Seneca Falls, 1848 • E. Caddy Staunton & Lucretia Mott • A Call For Change

15. Slavery, Abolition, & The Right to Vote, 1800-1900 • Aftermath of War • The Emancipation Proclamation • The Civil War Amendments • 13th, 14th,15th • Black Codes & Jim Crow • Nat’l Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) • 1870, Staunton & Susan B. Anthony • Civil Rights & the Courts • Congresses &AAs • The SC & AAs • Individual Acts of Discrimination • States & AA’s

16. The Push for Equality: 1890-1954 • The Progressive Era, 1890-1920 • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 • Separate but Equal • Founding of the NAACP, 1909 • Niagra Conference, 1908 • W.E.B. du Bois, Jane Addams, Ida Wells • Women’s Groups • NAWSA, 1890 • Iron Jawed Angels • 19th Amendment

17. The Civil Rights Movement • School Desegregation after Brown • Brown II • Little Rock, AR 1957 • The New Move for Rights • SCLC • Dr. King • Non-violence • SNCC • John Lewis, Marion Berry • Freedom Rides, Sit-Ins • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Presidential Push • Advances of 1964 • Voting Rights • Public Accomodations • Fed Intervention • Lawsuits • Withhold funds • No Discrim • EEOC

18. The Civil Rights Movement • Impact of CRA 1964 • Southern Stance • SC says… • No de jure segregation • Employment • NOW, 1966 • ERA for women • Problems w/ ERA • Equal Protection & Standards of Review • Strict Scrutiny • Korematsu v. US, 1944 • Reed v. Reed, 1971 • Other Violations • 1 Sex Nursing Schools • Age Laws • Alimony Laws • Jury Challenges • VMI • What is constitutional? • Male Draft • Statutory Rape Laws

19. Other Groups Rights • Native Americans • 1924 • Tribal Lands • Latino/a Americans • MALDEF & PRLDEF • Increase in Activity • Gays & Lesbians • Bowers v. Hardwick, 1986 • Disabled Americans • ADA, 1990 • 1999 Amendment • Affirmative Actions • Bakke v. Regents of UC, 1978 • Clear Evidence • Rehnquist’s Strict Scrutiny