Green Engineering

1. Green Engineering Jess Everett A number of the slides were adopted from a presentation by Dr. Robert Hesketh

2. Green Engineering • Design, commercialization and use of processes and products that are feasible and economic while minimizing • Generation of pollution at the source • Risk to human health and the environment • US EPA

3. Sustainable Development • Sustainable development meets needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet needs • World Energy Council

4. Industrial Ecology • Systematic examination of • local/regional/global • uses/flows of • materials/energy in • products/processes/industrial sectors/economies • Focuses on potential role of industry in reducing environmental burdens throughout product life cycle Journal of Industrial Ecology

5. Life Cycle Assessment Materials Materials Materials Materials Life- Cycle Stages Energy Energy Energy Energy Raw Materials Extraction Material Processing Product Manufacturing Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes Wastes Wastes Wastes Life- Cycle Impacts Human health and ecosystem damage global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidifi- cation other toxic releases -Robert Hesketh

6. 20W compact fluorescent lamp compared to 75W incandescent lamp -Robert Hesketh

7. Green Design Initiative • Reduce environmental damage by • Minimizing use of non-renewable resources • Reducing use of renewable resources to sustainable levels • Lowering environmental discharges

8. Engineers and Environmental Regulations Major Laws/Amendments Environmental Regulations Bishop, “Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice”, McGraw-Hill, 2000 -Robert Hesketh

9. U.S. Energy Flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97) -Robert Hesketh

10. Global Warming and Related Impacts Materials Energy Cause and Effect Chain Products Process of Concern greenhouse gas emissions CO2, CH4, N2O climate change; sea level change human mortality or life adjustments Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/ Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996. -Robert Hesketh

11. Stratospheric Ozone and Related Impacts Cause and Effect Chain Materials Energy Products Process of Concern ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem damage ozone layer loss increase in uv Toxics Release Inventory Data Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996. -Robert Hesketh

12. Smog formation and related impacts Cause and Effect Chain Materials Energy Products Process of Concern human/ecological damage from O3 and other oxidants NOx and volatile organic substances photochemical oxidation reactions 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries NOx VOCs NOx 1997 Miscellaneous 3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling Transportation Industrial Processes VOCs 1997 Fuel Combustion National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf -Robert Hesketh

13. Acid rain / Acid deposition Cause and Effect Chain Materials Energy Products Process of Concern human/ecological damage from H+ and heavy metals SO2 and NOx emission to air Acidification rxns. & acid deposition SO2 1997 Miscellaneous 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling Transportation Industrial Processes Fuel Combustion National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf -Robert Hesketh

14. Human Health Toxicity Materials Energy Products Process of Concern Transport, fate, exposure pathways & routes Human health damage; carcino- genic & non... Toxic releases to air, water, and soil EPCRA Toxic Waste RCRA Hazardous Waste Allen and Rosselot, 1997 -Robert Hesketh

15. Green Design Tools • Mass balance analysis • Green indices • Design for disassembly and recycling aids • Risk analysis • Material selection and label advisors • Full cost accounting methodologies Introduction to Green Design, By Chris Hendrickson, Noellette Conway-Schempf, Lester Lave and Francis McMichael, Green Design Initiative, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

16. Mass balance analysis • Trace materials or energy in and out of an analysis area • manufacturing process or plant, watershed… • Ideally based on measured inflows, inventories, and outflows • problems with data availability and consistency

17. Green Indices • Summarize various environmental impacts into simple scale • E.g., compare pound mercury dumped into the environment with pound dioxin? • Designer compares green score of alternatives and choose one with minimal environmental impact • Provide at least rudimentary guidance in choosing materials, components, or processes

18. Design for disassembly and recycling aids • Making products that can be taken apart easily for subsequent recycling and parts reuse • Kodak’s ‘disposal’ cameras snap apart, allowing 87% of the parts (weight) to be reused or recycled • DFD/R acts as a driver for recycling and reuse • Disassembly $ may exceed value of materials • DFD/R software generally calculate potential disassembly pathways, point out fastest pathway, and reveal obstacles to disassembly that can be "designed out"

19. Risk analysis • Tracing through chances of different effects occurring • E.g., risk of toxic emissions estimated by • estimating amount and type of emissions • transport in the environment • ecological and human exposure • likely damage (such as cancer) as a percent • All steps have uncertainty • Integrate effects over several media • air, water and land

20. Basic Concepts: Risk Assessment Risk Exposure Hazard = -Robert Hesketh

21. Basic Concepts: Risk Assessment Risk Exposure Hazard = Concentration in Air, Water Soil (g/m3) Transmission Rate(m3/s) Duration (s) -Robert Hesketh

22. Basic Concepts: Risk Assessment Risk Exposure Hazard = Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL)Reference Dose (RfD) Reference Concentration (RfC) Cancer Slope Factors Human Health & Ecosystem Effects:CarcinogenicToxicity -Robert Hesketh

23. Material selection • Different materials can produce a particular quality component or product, but with different environmental implications • Material selection guidelines attempt to guide designers towards the environmentally preferred material

24. Material Selection Principles • Graedel and Allenby [1995] • Use abundant, non-toxic materials where possible • Use materials familiar to nature (e.g. cellulose), rather than man-made (e.g. chlorinated aromatics) • Minimize number of materials used in product or process • Try to use materials that have an existing recycling infrastructure • Use recycled materials where possible

25. Label advisors • Marks on materials or products that reveal information about material content relevant to environment or conservation • Plastic identification symbol that can be used in plastics resorting and recycling efforts • Eco-labels provide “unbiased” appraisal of environmental benefits of products • Recycled Content, Energy Saving, Organic, Pest Management, Social Responsibility, Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainable Fishing, Animal Welfare, Sustainable Wood

26. Full cost accounting methodologies • Provide methods to account for ALL costs associated with a product, process, activity • Companies may incur high costs from using a material or process that creates environmental problems when an environmentally benign material or process exists • Consumers purchase products that create environmental problems because they do not know about green alternatives • Example: protect bolt from corrosion • plate with cadmium or use stainless steel bolt • purchase price of the two bolts • additional costs to the company of using a toxic material

27. Green Engineering WEBSITE http://epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/