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Chapter 7: Inference

Chapter 7: Inference. Bridging the Gap, 9/e Brenda Smith. Read. Pg. 352/ 338 & 353/339. What is an inference?. Details + Knowledge/Experience= Inference. Implied Humor . Pg. 355/341. Who is the smartest?. A student annotating items on a computer printout.

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Chapter 7: Inference

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  1. Chapter 7: Inference Bridging the Gap, 9/eBrenda Smith 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  2. Read Pg. 352/ 338 & 353/339 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  3. What is an inference? Details + Knowledge/Experience= Inference 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  4. Implied Humor Pg. 355/341 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  5. Who is the smartest? • A student annotating items on a computer printout. • A student with earphones listening an Ipod. • A student talking with classmates about American Idol. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  6. In a small town of the 1940’s you’d hear a discussion about? • Movies • Cinema • Picture Show 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  7. Who earns the most money? • A businessperson in a dark suit, white shirt, & tie. • A businessperson in slacks and a polo. • A businessperson in a pale-blue uniform. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  8. Esmerelda is skinny. Esmerelda is slim or slender. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  9. Connotation of Words • Denotation is the specific meaning of a word. (Dictionary) • Connotation refers to the feeling or emotionalism surrounding a word. (Ex: skinny communicates a negative feeling). (Ex: slender or slim communicates a positive feeling). 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  10. Issue b. Problem a. Loneliness b. Independence • Tolerant b. Pushover a . Difficult b. Challenging a. Pale b. fair p. 358/344-360/345 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  11. Euphemisms and Politically Correct Language • A euphemism is a substitution of a harsh term for one more polite. Example: “He passed away” instead of “He died.” • Politically correct language or doublespeak is used to hide something unpleasant. Example: Using “collateral damage” instead of “civilian casualties.” 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  12. I have bubble guts. • She is handicapped. • He is fat. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  13. Figurative Language Figurative language comparisons that are not literally true. (Ex: “She worked like a dog”) • Idioms • Similes • Metaphors • Literary Analogies • Hyperbole or Overstatement • Personification • Verbal Irony Pg. 347

  14. Idioms Idioms are expressions that do not make literal sense but have taken on a new generally accepted meaning over many years of use. (Ex: his eyes were bigger than his stomach) 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  15. Similes A simile is a comparison of two unlike things using the words like or as. (Ex: the spring flower pushed up its bloom like a lighthouse beckoning on a gloomy night.) 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  16. Metaphors A metaphor is a direct comparison of two unlike things (without using like or as). (Ex: The corporate accountant is a computer from nine to five.) 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  17. Literary Analogy • A literary analogy is a comparison of two unlike things that can be a simile or a metaphor. • Example: “Time is like a river.” 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  18. Hyperbole • Hyperbole or overstatement is an exaggeration to describe something as being more than it actually is. • An understatement minimizes the point. • Example of hyperbole: I could sleep for twenty days and nights and still be tired. • Example of understatement: His clothes have seen better days. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  19. Personification • Personification is attributing human characteristics to non-human things. • Example: The birds speak from the forest. • Example: Time marches on. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  20. Verbal Irony • Verbal irony is the use of words to express a meaning that is the opposite of what is literally said. • If the intent is to hurt, the irony is called sarcasm. • Example: “What a great looking corporate outfit!” (said to someone wearing torn jeans). • Example: “There is nothing like a sunny day for a picnic” (said on a day of pouring rain). p. 363 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  21. Example Fear knocked on my door, but I was afraid to answer

  22. Hit the books • Give me a hand • His feet were big as boats. • Her hair was like Rapunzel’s. • I nearly died laughing • I was hopping mad • I tried a thousand times Pg. 349

  23. Inferences From Facts • The author selects facts. • No direct connection is stated. • The reader must figure out the suggested message. p. 370/354 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  24. Inferences About a Speaker or Narrator • Sometimes we can figure out who the speaker or narrator is by the way they explain something or by their dialogue. • Example:Children now love luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority. They show disrespect for elders. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, cross their legs and tyrannize their teachers. (written by Greek philosopher Plato about 2,300 years ago)

  25. Inferences Based on Action, Dialogue and Description • Inferences Based on Description of a Person/Place • Inferences Based on Action • Inferences Based on Dialogue See pages 373-376 for examples of these types of inferences. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  26. Types of Inferences • Inference from actions • Inference from factual material • Inferences from description 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  27. Using Prior Knowledge to Make Inferences • Prior knowledge is expected. • Details help you infer time. • Details help you infer place. Pg. 360

  28. Reader’s Tip: Making Inferences • Consider the attitude in the author’s choice of words. • Unravel actions. • Interpret motives. • Use suggested meaning and facts to make assumptions. • Draw on prior knowledge to make connections. • Base conclusions on stated ideas and unstated assumptions. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  29. Drawing Conclusions • Make a logical deduction from both stated and unstated ideas. • Use hints as well as the facts. • Rely on prior knowledge and experience to interpret motives, actions, and outcomes. p. 378/362 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

  30. Summary Points/ Metacognition Check • What is an inference? • What is the connotation of a word? • What is figurative language? • Why is prior knowledge needed to grasp implied meaning? • How does a reader draw conclusions? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

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