What happens to an advantageous mutation over time? What about a harmful mutation?

1. Word of the Day:  magnanimity (mag ne ‘ni me te) (noun) - the quality of being generous of spirit, able to bear trouble calmly and distain meanness and pettiness What happens to an advantageous mutation over time? What about a harmful mutation? Agenda: 1. Turn in homework 2. Hardy-Weinberg 3. Goldfish Lab

2. Is it possible for genes to not change over time?

3. What is the difference between a gene and an allele? • Every cell contains DNA • In that DNA are genes that code for our traits • We each have two copies of every gene (one from mom, one from dad) • Each one of those copies is called an allele

4. Allele Frequencies • Allele frequencies are how often a specific allele shows up in a population • This is what scientists analyze when studying evolution • Remember evolution is genetic change over time • More specifically, change in allele frequencies over time

5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle • It predicts that allele frequencies will remain the same under a specific set of conditions • When allele frequencies do not change we call that genetic equilibrium

6. Condition 1: No Mutations • Mutations cause genetic variation

7. Condition 2: No Immigration • Immigration introduces genetic variation

8. Condition 3: Non-random mating • If certain organisms are chosen as an ‘attractive’ mate, then only their genes will get passed on • The non-attractive mates will not pass on their genes, therefore causing a change in gene frequencies in the next generation

9. Condition 4: No Natural Selection • Review: What is natural selection? • If certain traits are selected for or against, it will result in different allele frequencies in the next generation

10. Condition 5: Large population size • If population size is too small genetic drift can happen. • Genetic drift is random changes in allele frequencies • Ex: 10 babies are born with the same hair color • Why is this more likely to happen in a small population?

11. What happens when those conditions are not met?

12. What happens when those conditions are not met? • When one of those conditions happens, evolution occurs • Each condition will introduce some sort of genetic change, which then disrupts the equilibrium

13. Does Hardy-Weinberg ever happen?

14. Hardy-Weinberg Principle When allele frequencies remain the same we call that genetic equilibrium Allele frequencies will stay the same from generation to generation IF: • 1. There are no mutations • 2. Mating is random • 3. Populations are infinitely large • 4. There is no selection • 5. There is no immigration *This is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle!

15. Evolution Exam Review

17. Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that: • A. Species change over time • B. extinct species are not related to living species • C. different species can interbreed • D. animals that look alike are the most closely related

18. Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of • A. continual increase in population size • B. an unchanging local environment • C. the inheritance of acquired traits • D. the natural variations already present within the population of organisms

19. Which concept is NOT included in the modern theory of evolution? • A. descent with modification • B. natural selection • C. transmission of acquired characteristics • D. competition among the members of a population

20. When individuals with an average form of a trait have the highest fitness, the result is • A. natural selection • B. Adaptive radiation • C. directional selection • D. stabilizing direction

21. Would evolution speed up or slow down with sexual reproduction?

22. Sharks, dolphins, and penguins all have streamlines bodies and appendages that enable them to move through water. These similarities are the result of? • A. adaptive radiation • B. adaptation • C. vestigial structures • D. convergent evolution

23. What is the difference between an homologous, vestigial, and analogous structure? • Which structure (s) gives proof of a common ancestor? • Which structure can lead to convergent evolution?

24. Darwin called the ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment • A. diversity • B. adaptation • C. evolution • D. fitness

25. What are two sources of genetic variation?

26. Why is genetic variation a good thing?

27. The situation in which allele frequencies of a population remain constant is called: • A. Gene Pool • B. Genetic Equilibrium • C. Allele Frequency • D. Natural Selection

28. The process by which two species evolve in response to each other is called • A. Convergent Evolution • B. Disruptive Selection • C. Coevolution • D. Stabilizing Selection

29. Extinction of a species could result from • A. evolution of a behavior that produces greater reproductive success • B. limited genetic variation in the species • C. fewer harmful mutations in the species • D. larger number of resources

30. What is comparative embryology?

31. Fossils • A. are the preserved remains of ancient organisms • B. are available for every organisms that ever lived • C. are unrelated to living species • D. are not considered to be evidence for the evolution of life on Earth

32. When individuals at only one end of a bell-shaped curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness, the result is • A. directional selection • B. disruptive selection • C. adaptive radiation • D. stabilizing selection