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Networking

Networking. Purposes Exchanging information Sending files between computers Communication Sending email Sharing information Sharing files Sharing resources Sharing printers. Networking.

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Networking

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  1. Networking Purposes • Exchanging information • Sending files between computers • Communication • Sending email • Sharing information • Sharing files • Sharing resources • Sharing printers Module 7 Networking Environment

  2. Networking • Networking is a system that includes the physical connection between computers for information transfer, as well as the scheme for controlling the transfer. • Components of a networking system • A networking scheme • Networking hardware • A networking standard or protocol Module 7 Networking Environment

  3. Network Types • Wide area network (WAN) – it’s spread over a wide geographic area • Local area network (LAN) – It’s confined to a single location connecting multiple independent devices such computers, servers, printers, etc.. • Peer-to-Peer LAN all computers in this network are providing and using resources. • Client/Server LAN Servers manage the network, and clients use the resources from servers (also other clients) Module 7 Networking Environment

  4. The OSI Model • Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) • Developed by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) • Contains seven layers • Application • Presentation • Session • Transport • Network • Data Link • Physical Module 7 Networking Environment

  5. Program issues command to Application Layer Application passes it to Presentation, which may reformat (encode,encrypt, …), passes to Session Session establishing a connection, passes to Transport Transport breaks file into packets, passes to Network Network packs frames & selects the data’s route, passes to Data Link Data Link adds error-checking info, addresses, and passes to Physical Physical transmits data, which includes information added by each layer OSI in Actions Module 7 Networking Environment

  6. In the Intermediate Nodes Rx Tx 7 7 7 Intermediate Nodes 3 1 1 1 B C Q T Module 7 Networking Environment

  7. OSI Model and TCP/IP Model OSI TCP/IP Module 7 Networking Environment

  8. The TCP/IP Model Suite and Stack Concept Protocols for different underlying technologies – this is key Module 7 Networking Environment

  9. TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols • UDP – User Datagram Protocol • transmission protocol that adds port addresses, checksum error control and length info • TCP – Transmission Control Protocol • makes the datagram transmission much more reliable. What do we mean by reliable ?. Creates a stream between the Tx and Rx. Creates segments with in datagram. Uses sequence numbers for ordering. Uses acknowledgements Module 7 Networking Environment

  10. TCP/IP Internet Layer protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) - transmission mechanism used by the various TCP/IP protocols (recall suite and stack concept) • Unreliable and connectionless – sends datagram with no error checking and tracking • Because of the lack of overhead, IP is considered very efficient • This Layer also contains the ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP protocols • ARP – Address Resolution Protocol • maps the IP address to the physical address • RARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol • maps physical address to IP address • connecting a computer to a LAN for the first time • ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol • used by the host/gateway/router to send notifications back to the Tx • IGMP – Internet Group Message Protocol • allows a message to be sent to numerous Rx at the same time Module 7 Networking Environment

  11. Address in TCP/IP Module 7 Networking Environment

  12. Relation- ship of Layers and addresses in TCP/IP Module 7 Networking Environment

  13. Physical Address Example Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6 bytes) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits, with every 2 bytes separated by a hyphen as shown below: 07-01-02-01-2C-4B A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address Module 7 Networking Environment

  14. IP Address Example An Internet address (in IPv4) is 32 bits in length, normally written as four decimal numbers (or 4 octal numbers), with each number representing 1 byte. How many bits is a byte ? The numbers are separated by a dot. Below is an example of such an address. Call “dot notation” 132.24.75.9 Module 7 Networking Environment

  15. Port Address Example A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown below. 753 A 16-bit port address Module 7 Networking Environment

  16. IP Address classes Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Module 7 Networking Environment

  17. IP address and subnet mask Class A 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Subnet mask Class B 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Subnet mask Class C 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Subnet mask Module 7 Networking Environment

  18. LAN Technologies • Ethernet (p214) • Token Ring p217 • Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) • Wireless Networking Technologies p221 Module 7 Networking Environment

  19. Ethernet • Ethernet is the most popular LAN protocol • IEEE 802.3 standard describes the Ethernet protocol • Data rate: 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000Mbps • Using a media-access method - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Module 7 Networking Environment

  20. Networking Hardware • Network Interface Card (NIC) • PCI/ISA, PnP/No-PnP, WOL(Wake on LAN) • Cable • Coax, UTP(unshielded twisted-pair), STP, Fiber-optic • Interconnection Devices • Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers Module 7 Networking Environment

  21. Networking Devices • Hub- is a repeater device that used to connect other devices on the network. • Bridge-is used to either segment a network or join two networks. It can reduce the traffic in a network. • Switch-is an intelligent device that looks at physical destination address of the frame and directs the frame to the correct port of that destination. • Router-is a intelligent device with a processor and memory. It connects different networks or subnets. Module 7 Networking Environment

  22. Network Topologies • Star Topology - 10/100BaseT • Bus Topology – 10Base2 • Star/bus Topology – 10/100BaseT with backbone • Star-configured ring Topology – Token Ring • Dual-ring Topology - FDDI Module 7 Networking Environment

  23. Networking Protocols • TCP/IP - for communicating with the Internet & most newer systems. • AppleTalk – for communicating with earlier Apple Mac systems • IPX/SPX – for communicating with Novell NetWare Module 7 Networking Environment

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