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1. Fubswrorjb Teri Schmidt Matt Rose K-12 Outreach Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security, Purdue University

2. Overview • What is cryptology? • Why should we care about it? • Some cryptology basics • How can we incorporate it into the curriculum?

3. What is cryptology? CRYPTOLOGY The study of enciphering and deciphering messages CRYPTOGRAPHY The making of a cipher system (enciphering of a message) CRYPTANALYSIS The breaking of a cipher system (deciphering of a message) STEGANOGRAPHY=Hiding the actual existence of the message (invisible ink, hiding messages in art, etc.)

4. Why should we care about cryptology? • Natural curiosity about secrets • We encounter its use every day • Email • ATM • Credit cards • E-commerce • Movies, books • Exciting, interdisciplinary topic

5. Cryptography Cipher=method of hiding the message Key=shared information that allows the message to be encyrpted or enciphered Plaintext=readable message Ciphertext=encoded message Cryptanalysis Some cryptology basics: Terms

6. Cryptography Cipher=SHIFT EACH LETTER A CERTAIN NUMBER OF SPACES Key=3 SPACES FORWARD Plaintext= CRYPTOLOGY Ciphertext= FUBSWRORJB Cryptanalysis Some cryptology basics:Example=A cipher that is monalphabetic, substitution and shift

7. Incorporating cryptology into the K-12 curriculum Two methods: • Interdisciplinary projects/units/adventures Benefits: • Connections between disciplines • Applications to real life • Fun and motivating • Lessons/activities within a single discipline to teach or reinforce concepts Benefits: • Applications to real life • Can help to make concepts easier to remember • Fun and motivating

8. Incorporating cryptology into the K-12 curriculum:Social Studies History: have students research the historical uses of cryptography • Sparta, 500 B.C. • Caesar cipher, 50 B.C. • Jefferson’s wheel cipher, 1790 • Revolutionary war • Slave quilts, early and mid-1800s • Decryption of Zimmermann Telegram and WWI • Capturing rumrunners • WWII (Japanese “Purple”, German “Enigma”, Navajo code talkers) • Cuban Missle crisis • Korean and Vietnam wars Civics and government: have students investigate the legal, governmental, and ethical issues surrounding cryptography

9. Incorporating cryptology into the K-12 curriculum:English • Have students write research papers about the past and present uses of cryptography • Incorporate vocabulary words into cryptography activities • Use cryptography to explore the development of linguistics and communication in different cultures and times • Have students write about a encryption or decryption technique that they created or discovered

10. Incorporating cryptology into the K-12 curriculum: Science • Explore the make-up of invisible ink used in steganography and have students make their own invisible ink • Have students use and document their use of a systematic scientific method for decrypting a message

11. Incorporating cryptology into the K-12 curriculum: Mathematics • Encourage the use of problem solving skills by having students encrypt and decrypt messages • Teach students about frequency distributions by investigating a simple substitution cipher • Introduce or reinforce the concept of a function and of function notation and inverses of functions by investigating a shift cipher • Introduce or reinforce the concept of a permutation by investigating a transposition cipher • Introduce or reinforce many other concepts including: probability, matrix operations, modular arithmetic, cyclic groups, factorization and prime numbers, graph theory, number theory

12. Questions? Thank you! Teri Schmidt tmschmid@cerias.purdue.edu (765) 496-6761 Matt Rose mrose@cerias.purdue.edu (765) 496-7710 http://cerias.purdue.edu/education/k-12/

13. Now it’s your turn!