Ming & Ching China

1. Ming & Ching China

2. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 • Established by Emperor Hongwu • Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule • Centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor • Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce a family to challenge the emperor’s dynasty • - Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce government policies • Reestablished Civil Service system based on Confucian values to ensure scholar-gentry bureaucracy based on ability—not friends or social standing

3. MING CHINA

4. continued Ming Dynasty • China completed the Great Wall in the Ming period • Response to previous Mongol invasions • Successfully protected China from outside invaders • The only time that invaders got beyond the wall and invaded was when China was experiencing internal problems

7. The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of Heaven, or Tian Tan, built during the Ming dynasty in Beijing, China. The red walls and gold detailing are typical of Ming architecture.

9. continued Ming Dynasty Economy • Increased commercial activity + population increase led to economic expansion • New food groups from the Americas (maize & peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation • Increased food = population increase • Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus • Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain • The silk trade was its most profitable = China protected the secret of silkmaking for many centuries • Demanded tribute from surrounding states

10. Columbian Exchange • European conquest of the new world brought changes on all sides • Movement of goods and ideas from each side is called the Columbian Exchange.

12. Economy Ming Dynasty continued • Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade expanded • European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in China’s 2 main port cities = • Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power

13. Between 1405-1433, China launched huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and beyond • Enormous fleets • huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men • brought back unimaginable wealth to China

14. Admiral Zheng He commanded the fleets • Muslim from western China • Well suited to deal with Muslims on southeast Asian trade routes • resented by Confucian bureaucrats

15. Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast • Established tributary relationships • Technologically advanced fleets and armies could face any adversary • Traded porcelain and silk from China • Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included exotic African animals that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo • Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean

17. Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships • Europeans were no match for Chinese ships

18. China canceled the fleets in 1433 • The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He • Feared Mongolian attacks from the north • Used the money to strengthen defense and agriculture • The government destroyed his nautical charts • Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair • China’s withdrawal from world trade unintentionally cleared the way for European expansion and domination of world trade

19. Ming Society & Culture • The revival of civil service exams encouraged the creation of an extensive scholar-bureaucrat class, responsible for governing the empire • Restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the subordination of women • women were more tightly controlled in many ways • widows were strongly discouraged from remarrying • foot binding was increasingly popular = even in the lower classes

20. Ming Society & Culture • Literature • Yongle Encyclopedia = a collection of Chinese philosophy, literature, and history • Chinese novels became more popular • Increased literacy

21. Dynasty Song (Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques) Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han) Shang, Zhou, Qin Han Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong) Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic) Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong) Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)

22. Write the question and the correct answer to the following questions on a separate sheet of paper and turn it in. Be sure your name is on the paper. This is a summative grade.

24. A B C D Which one of the artworks above reflects the cultural achievements of Tang China?

25. Which of the following best explains why the Chinese built the Great Wall and the Grand Canal? A The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were built to discourage Chinese peasants from emigrating. B The Great Wall was built to protect from invasions, while the Grand Canal was meant to provide an alternative transportation route between the north and south. C The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were constructed to restrict the exchange of goods with foreign merchants. D The Great Wall was constructed to protect farming villages from seasonal floods, while the Grand Canal was meant to improve access to coastal cities.

27. Dynasty Song (Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques) Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han) Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong) Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic) Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong) Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)

28. Early Japan • Geography shaped development • Archipelago • Mountainous • Only 11% farmed • Volcanic • Frequent earthquakes

29. Early Japan • Earliest settlers were nomads from northeastern Asia • Brought their own language, culture, & religion • Agricultural society modeled on China

30. Early Japan Continued • 1st societies based on clans • 2 classes • rulers = Divine • rice farmers, artisans, servants • Yamoto Prince Shotoku Taishi • 573-621 • Unified Japan • Created administrative districts • Rural village = basic governmental unit

31. Early Japan Continued Nara Period • Yamato ruler = “Heavenly Emperor” • Controlled by Fujiwara Family • Capital was at Nara • Aristocratic families kept land taxes • Weak government

32. Early Japan Continued Heian Period • Capital moved to Heian, near Kyoto • Fujiwara clan still controlled the Emperor • Powerful families dominated rural areas • relied on Military Force • Samurai = “those who serve” • Bushido = “the way of the warrior” • owed their loyalty to their employer • Declined because land became concentrated in the hands of a small class of wealthy elites Feudalism

33. Japanese Feudalism • Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods • Decentralized political power • Regional warlords (daimyo) controlled the land and the economy • Valued military talent and discipline • Samurai played important roles as mounted warriors loyal to their lords and the bushido code

34. Early Japan Continued 1192 - 1333 Kamakura Shogunate • Minamoto Yoritomo • Ended civil wars • Established capital near Tokyo • Centralized government • Military leader = Shogun - General - Controlled the Emperor

35. Feudalism

36. Feudalism

37. Read “Japan Faces Kublai Khan” on page 246 in Glencoe • Write the question and the answer on a sheet of paper • Who was Kublai Khan? • Why did he attack Japan? • What happened to the Mongolian fleet? • Why was this a turning point in Asian history? • Define kamikaze. • What is another definition of kamikaze?

38. Early Japan Continued • 1274 - Kublai Khan sent attack fleet; forced to retreat • 1281 – 2nd attack attempt • 4,440 ships, 150,000 Mongol warriors • “Divine Wind” • Violent typhoon • Destroyed the Mongol Fleet • Japan not invaded again until U.S. in 1945

39. Early Japan Continued • Mongolian attacks strained the Kamakura shogunate • 1333 - Ashikaga family took over • Aristocratic power grew in the 14th-15th centuries • Daimyo = (“great names”) = heads of noble families • 1467-1477: Onin Civil War destroyed Kyoto

40. Early Japan Economy Continued • Agricultural society • Manufacturing developed in the Kamakura Era • Produced paper, iron casting, porcelain • Exports: swords, paintings, raw materials • Traded with Korea & China

41. Early Japan Women Continued • Some equality at 1st • Later, clearly subordinate to males • Active roles at all levels of society • Educated • Poets = “The Tale of the Genji” by Murasaki Shikibu Lady Tomoe Gozen

42. Early Japan Culture Continued • Zen Buddhism • brought to Japan by Chinese monks • part of the Samurais’ code of behavior • seek enlightenment suddenly or through meditation • Shinto = Japanese state religion • spirits = kami = in nature • spirits of the ancestors

43. Early Korea • Peninsula • Influenced by China & Japan • 109 B.C.E. – China controlled north 3 Early Kingdoms • Koguryo - north • Paekche (pah EHK chee) -southwest • Silla - southeast 10th century = KoryoDynasty arose in north • 13th century = harsh Mongolian rule inflicted tremendous suffering on Korean people • 1392 – Yi Song-gye established Yi Dynasty

44. India • 5th century - Gupta Empire destroyed by Hun invaders • India plagued by civil war for centuries • 8th century –Islam became popular in the northwest • 10th century – Turkish slaves founded the Islamic state of Ghazni (Afghanistan now)

45. India • 997 – Mahmud of Ghazni extended his rule throughout the Indus Valley to the Indian Ocean • Rajputs, Hindu warriors, fought unsuccessfully against Mahmud • 1200 - Muslims controlled all of northern India • - created the Sultanate of Delhi

46. India • 1369 Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) crossed the Indus River • - Mongol leader from Samarkand • 100,000 Hindi prisoners slaughtered • By the 1380’s, empire stretched from the eastern Caspian Sea to India

47. India • Muslims treated India like conquerors • Hindi-Muslim bitterness • Hinduism = main religion in India • Buddhism • Theravada = way of life centered on salvation • Mahayana = religion that makes Buddha a divine figure

48. Khajuraho Hindu Temple

50. Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 • Peasant revolts were short-lived • Manchus from northeastern China (Manchuria) attacked • Manchus were less than 5% Chinese population