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Isomerism

Isomerism. SCH4U Spring 2012. Isomerism. Isomerism occurs when there are two or more compounds (called isomers) with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms Isomers have different physical and chemical properties There are two main classes of isomerism:

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Isomerism

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  1. Isomerism SCH4U Spring 2012

  2. Isomerism • Isomerism occurs when there are two or more compounds (called isomers) with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms • Isomers have different physical and chemical properties • There are two main classes of isomerism: a) structural isomerism b) stereoisomerism

  3. Structural isomerism • Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of the atoms • There are three types of structural isomers: a) Chain isomers b) Positional isomers c) Functional groupisomers

  4. Chain isomers • Isomers have different arrangements of the carbon chain • E.g. C4H10

  5. Chain isomers • As the number of carbon atoms increases , the number of possible isomers increases • How many isomers would C5H12 have? What are they?

  6. Positional Isomers • Isomers have the same carbon skeleton but the functional group is in different positions in the molecule • E.g. C6H4Cl2

  7. Positional isomers • What would be a positional isomer of butan-1-ol?

  8. Functional group isomers • Isomers have the same molecular formula but different functional groups • E.g. C3H8O CH3CH2CH2OH, propan-1-ol H3COCH2CH3 , methoxyethane

  9. Functional group isomers • What would be a functional group isomer of cyclohexane?

  10. Stereoisomerism • Stereoisomers have identical molecular formula and the atoms are linked together in the same order but have different relative positions in space • There are two types of stereoisomers: a) Geometric (or cis-trans ) isomers b) Optical isomers

  11. Geometric isomers • Geometric or cis-trans isomers exist because the (pie) π bond of the C=C bond prevents free rotation • Cis – same side • Trans – opposite side of the double bond • E.g. 1,2-dichloroethene

  12. Optical isomers • This type of isomerism occurs when a molecule has one or more asymmetric carbon atoms i.e. a carbon atom linked to four different atoms or groups • The optical isomers have a chiral centre and are mirror images of each other • E.g. butan-2-ol

  13. Optical isomers • Identify all chiral centre(s), if any:

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