Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring

1. Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNsapplied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring Davide Di Palma University of Florence MIDRA Consortium Department of Electronics and Telecommunications http://www.goodfood-project.org

2. 10 countries WP1: Antibiotics WP8: Training & Dissemination WP2: Pesticides WP3: Mycotoxines Safety WP7: Ambient Intelligence WP4: Pathogens WP5: Quality Quality WP6: Logistics Mission and Targets FP6-IST-1-508774GoodFood • The GoodFood consortium: • 29 partners from 10 countries • Started 01/01/2004, duration 42 months • Objective: to demonstrate to the agro-food sector actors the advantages driven to the complete food chain control by the use of Micro and Nano- technology inspired systems • WP7 Mission: • to introduce Ambient Intelligence (AmI) paradigms in Agriculture using WSN technology • to implement a demonstrator for the wine chain • to investigate portability and scalability to other food chains • MIDRA Consortium acts as WP7 coordinating partner

3. System architecture System Specifications

4. WSN Node Specifications System Specifications Sensor Board Power Board + • The stackable assembled node allows connecting up to 16 Sensor Boards. • Each sensor board can be programmed and configured independently to support a wide range of sensor families • Hardware and software are designed to support “hot” Plug and Play features. Communication Board

5. GPRS gateway System Specifications • Stand-alone communication platform, providing transparent bi-directional wireless TCP/IP connectivity for remote monitoring. • Operating in conjunction with Remote Data Acquisition (RDA) equipments: • WSN, connected with a Master node • directly connected to sensors and transducers. • Powered by solar panels. • Improved robustness. • Reconnection with dynamic IP address assignment.

6. System Deployment System deployment & testing • TWO Pilot Sites Deployed • TWO Different Environmental conditions • TWO Different WSN Configurations • Recovery strategies implemented at node level (DTR) and at Gateway level (DSR and FSR) UoF Greenhouse Montepaldi Farm 6 nodes and 24 sensors Deployed October, 4th 2005 16 nodes and 49 sensors Operating since October, 25th 2005

7. Aggregate Report: Sensors Correlation 4 Plants In the Greenhouse Environment conditions: vapour pressure deficit (from air temp/hunidity sensors) Plant irrigation (from soil moisture sensors) Plant growth (from diametric growth sensors) Plant respiration (from leaf temperature sensors)

8. Conclusions 2006 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium San Francisco, California June 11 – June 16, 2006 Full-day WORKSHOP Title: Technology and applications of Wireless Sensor Network Date & Time: Friday, June 16, 8:00AM–5:00 PM Location: Moscone Center , S Francisco, Usa Organizers: D. Adamson, National Physical Laboratory, UK G. Manes, University of Florence, Italy V. K. Nair, Intel Corp., USA Kate Remley, US Dept. of Commerce, USA E. Fathy, University of Tennessee, USA Topics & Speakers: Wireless Mesh Networks: an introduction, D. Sexton, GE Sensor Networks for Wireless, G. Maracas, Motorola Smart Antennas Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks, S. El-Ghazaly, University of Tennessee The DOE Industrial Wireless Program, W. Manges, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Application of Wireless sensor networks, G. Manes, University of Florence and L Nachman, Intel Corp. Resolving the high bandwidth, low power dilemma, D. Culler, University of California Do We Trust the Outputs from Sensor Networks? , D. Adamson, National Physical Laboratory Utilizing a wireless sensor network to gauge an abstract quantity, Paul Bowman, BT

9. TO BE CONTINUED…. POSTER B14

10. Pilot Site WSN Case Study: Autumn heavy rain Results Soil Moisture Trend @ different depths in different weather conditions 10 cm 30 cm

11. Conclusions Conclusions • End-to-end solution for WSN vineyard monitoring • A state of the art wireless infrastructure has been fully designed, implemented and deployed. • Innovative solutions have been implemented, such as flexible and generic sensor interfaces, wireless gateways and hardware boards, with improved robustness for unattended operation • The custom low power STAR MAC protocol is running on all the WSN nodes, confirming the expected results in terms of energy efficiency and network stability • End-to-end system architecture, with multi-format platforms and user interfaces

12. Conclusions Conclusions • Further Advancements • Extension of the developed infrastructure to the whole wine chain (cellar, logistic & transport phases); • Deployments of new pilot sites, also for other food chains; • Integration of additional sensors, including RFID tag reader, in the AmI infrastructure; • Optimized hardware releases, at node level (improved RF performance) and at gateway level (power consumption and miniaturization); • Electronically steered antennas for enhancing battery life;

13. Publications and Conferences Dissemination Publications 4.1. F. Chiti, M. Ciabatti, G. Collodi, D. Di Palma, A. Manes: “Design and Application of Enhanced Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks operating in Environmental Monitoring”, accepted at ICC ’06 conference, notified on 31st Dec 2005 . 4.2 F. Chiti, M. Ciabatti, G. Collodi, D. Di Palma, A. Manes: “Enhanced Design Solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring”, accepted at EWSN ’06 conference notified on 6th Jan 2006 . 4.3 F. Chiti, M. Ciabatti, G. Collodi, D. Di Palma, A. Manes: “An Embedded GPRS Gateway for Environmental Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks”, accepted at EWSN ’06 conference notified on 6th Jan 2006 . Conferences 15/16 November 2005 Florence Workshop: “Ambient Intelligence for food quality and safety”. 13/15 February 2006 Zurich, EWSN 2006: Invited Presentation. “Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring” 11/16 June 2006 San Francisco, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium

14. WorkPackage 7 results Mission and Targets • Two pilot sites have been fully deployed for the exploitation of Ambient Intelligence (AmI) paradigms: • > Vineyard of Montepaldi Farm, Chianti zone, from October 2005. • > Experimental greenhouse, Univ. of Florence, from July 2005. • A state of the art wireless infrastructure has been designed and implemented, adopting innovative hardware components, such as: • > Battery operated WSN nodes, running a custom, low power oriented multi-hop protocol (STAR MAC); • > Innovative generic sensor interface, supporting “hot” plug-and-play features developed on miniaturized hardware boards; • > Custom self-powered WSN-to-GPRS gateway; • All the data gathering chain have been fully implemented, from sensors up to final user interface.

15. End Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNsapplied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring midra@unifi.it http://www.unifi.it/midra/goodfood Username: ewsn2006 Password: goodfood From 15/02/06 up to 10/03/06

16. Rain Fall Results Vineyard Pilot Site WSN Case Study: Autumn heavy rain Air Humidity Sensors Air Temperature Sensors Soil Moisture Sensors

17. Dying Plant Increasing Water Stress Increasing Salt Concentration Results Greenhouse Pilot Site WSN Case Study: Salt &Water stress Living Plant Activity Trunk Diametric Growth Sensors Soil Moisture Sensors

18. Ongoing activities • Protocol enhancements: • STAR+ MAC • Topological messages • remote control ad firmware up-grading capability

19. Further developments • Protocol enhancements: • Physical: • Adaptive threshold for the received power • Routing: • Fully dynamic multihop • synchronous (downstream) sensing • asynchronous or event-based sensing (upstream + downstream) • Re-configurable communication paradigm for highly time-varying scenarios (mobile agents) • Advanced traffics management: • QoS oriented • Differentiated services 6. Conclusions

20. STAR MAC Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Reception 1. Communications protocols • Background: • WISE MAC: nodes maintain the schedule offsets of their neighbors • S-MAC: nodes regularly broadcast SYNC packets • Drawbacks (related to our application): • WISE MAC: offset information is transmitted within ACK messages, then its update depends on traffic load • S-MAC: clustered nodes are strictly synchronized and must have the same duty cycle and frame time • Proposed approach: • STAR protocol does not require strict node synchronization: each node can adjust its duty cycle and frame period independently. • Nodes periodically send their offsets to neighbors through a MAC layer signalling. • As a result, the network topology is flat.

21. STAR MAC Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Reception 1. Communications protocols Weak nodes synchronization (2 way handshake) Steady state behaviour (except set up & recovery procedures)

22. STAR MAC Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Reception 1. Communications protocols MAC frame period : Tf = Tl + TS Typical parameters: Tf=60 s; d=3%; cRx=12mA; CTx=30mAh; csleep=0.01mA Duty cycle Normalized Cost The major contribution to the overall cost is represented by Receiving Status

23. 1. Communications protocols Multihop routing • Routing table management (building and updating): • MAC layer signaling(neighbor discovering, “SYNC”) (Tf) • Network layer signaling(network discovering, “PING”) (Tp >>Tf) • Cross layer protocol design inspired • Communication protocol robustness (best hop selection) • Sensing messages generation (Tacq) & forwarding

24. User Interface 4. User interface • http://www.unifi.it/midra/goodfood/ • Multiple gateways monitoring • Low level messages logging • 1D and 2D graphs: • Joint plotting • Interactive map • Time window adjusting

25. QoS at WSN level System deployment & testing

26. 1st Deployment Success Rate % Node 9 89.8 Node 10 91.1 QoS at WSN level System deployment & testing

27. 1st Deployment Success Rate % Node 1581.8 Node 16 82.9 Node 17 81.2 QoS at WSN level System deployment & testing

28. Gateway Disconnections • 2 Disconnections in 168 h monitoring • Each lasts 20 minutes • Pout = 0.4 % QoS at WSN level System deployment & testing

29. System deployment & testing QoS at System level Dynamic Recovering Strategies • Outdoor operation in adverse environment • Dead-lock at node level (collisions, EMI, in-band jamming) • Temporary lack of connectivity at Gateway (dynamic radio resource management, temporary outage of radiomobile channel, radiobase maintenance) Mandatory requirement : unattended operation Gateway level Dynamic session re-negotiation (DSR) Forced session re-negotiation (FSR) Node level Dynamic Time-out Recovery (DTR)

30. Features: • Full STAR MAC multi-hop operation • Stand alone unattended system • Extended covered area, up to 4 sensors per node Implemented sensors: • Soil moisture and temperature • Air humidity and temperature • Differential leaf temperature • Diametric stem growth The deployment at Montepaldi Farm 13 nodes and 24 sensors operating since October, 25th 2005 System deployment & testing

31. The Greenhouse System deployment & testing 6 nodes and 24 sensors Deployed October, 4th 2005 (final release) • Motivations • Global system validation completed through a set of advanced case-studies in a controlled environment Features • Single hop configuration in a very restricted area • Highly dense communication & multipath environment • Up to 6 sensor per node

32. Vineyard Pilot Site WSN Case Study: Nodes’ cases airtight closure Results

33. Collaborations Mission and Targets • Scientific collaborations and partnership related to GoodFood activities: • Intel Research Labs, S. Clara CA, • MoU for joint activity for application of WSN technology in food chain • WINE-OCHRA RISK (QLK-1-CT-2001-01761)Assessment of risk of ochratoxin A (ATA) in grape and wine in Europe and protection of the consumer’s health • MoU with Cooperating Embedded Systems for Exploration and Control featuring WSNs (sent to PM for discussion in GMB) Embedded WiSeNets FP6-IST-2-004400-CA • Collaboration agreement with Prof. Veronique Bellon at CEMAGREF Montpellier (France) for the implementation of a pilot site at CEMAGREF vineyard based on GoodFood WSN technology • Creating an European Network of Research Centres working in application of ICT for precision viticulture