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CHAPTER 16

CHAPTER 16. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. MALE SYSTEM. SPERM are the male reproductive cells TESTES - PRODUCE SPERM EPIDIDYMIS - WHERE SPERM MATURE AND ARE STORED VAS DEFERENS - STORAGE TUBE FOR SPERM- THIS IS CUT WHEN A VASECTOMY IS DONE. AROUSAL. PENIS - BECOMES ERECT

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CHAPTER 16

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  1. CHAPTER 16 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  2. MALE SYSTEM SPERM are the male reproductive cells TESTES- PRODUCE SPERM EPIDIDYMIS- WHERE SPERM MATURE AND ARE STORED VAS DEFERENS- STORAGE TUBE FOR SPERM- THIS IS CUT WHEN A VASECTOMY IS DONE

  3. AROUSAL PENIS- BECOMES ERECT EJACULATION- SEMEN IS EXPELLED AT THE PEAK OF AROUSAL • MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS OF THE EPIDIDYMIS AND THE VAS DEFERENS MOVE THE SPERM TOWARD THE URETHRA

  4. EJACULATION • SPERM ARE JOINED BY NUTRIENTS MADE BY THE SEMINAL VESICLES, AND AN ALKALINE FLUID PRODUCED BY THE PROSTATE GLAND SEMEN- A MIXTURE OF THESE 3 SUBSTANCES ENTERS THE URETHRA

  5. INTO THE URETHRA... BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS- SECRETE A LUBRICATING FLUID INTO THE URETHRA • CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLES AROUND THE URETHRA FORCE THE SEMEN OUT OF THE PENIS

  6. SPERM HEAD- NUCLEUS AND CAP (ACROSOME) MIDPIECE- LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA (make ATP for swimming) TAIL- FLAGELLUM • HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF SPERM ARE RELEASED PER EJACULATION • FEWER THAN 100 REACH THE GENERAL LOCATION OF THE EGG

  7. MALE HORMONES • CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION • HYPOTHALAMUS (in brain)- THE CONTROL CENTER • PITUITARY (in brain)- PRODUCES FSH AND LH FSH- says “MORE SPERM!” LH- says “MORE TESTOSTERONE!”

  8. TESTES RESPOND • PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE, SPERM AND INHIBIN TESTOSTERONE AND INHIBIN HORMONES WHICH TELL HYPOTHALAMUS, “STOP STIMULATING THE PITUITARY”

  9. TESTOSTERONE • ESSENTIAL FOR MATURATION OF SPERM + ALL GLANDS INVOLVED IN EJACULATION • MALE CHARACTERISTICS- DEEP VOICE, LARGER MUSCLES AND BONES • SEX DRIVE AND AGGRESSION

  10. FEMALE SYSTEM • 2 OVARIES, 2 OVIDUCTS, UTERUS AND VAGINA OVARIES- PRODUCE AND RELEASE ONE EGG EACH MONTH (OVULATION) OVIDUCTS- CATCH THE EGG AS IT IS RELEASED- FERTILIZATION OCCURS HERE

  11. FEMALE SYSTEM CONT. UTERUS- EMBRYO ATTACHES TO UTERINE WALL AND DEVELOPS ENDOMETRIUM- UTERINE WALL • HELPS FORM THE PLACENTA CERVIX- BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE UTERUS AND VAGINA VAGINA- BIRTH CANAL + RECEIVES PENIS DURING INTERCOURSE

  12. FEMALE HORMONES • HYPOTHALAMUS STIMULATES PITUITARY • PITUITARY PRODUCES: FSH- TRIGGERS EGG DEVELOPMENT IN OVARIES- THE EGG (MADE BY FOLLICLE) THEN PRODUCES ESTROGEN LH- CAUSES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM (from EGG SAC in ovary AFTER OVULATION) WHICH THEN PRODUCES PROGESTERONE

  13. UTERINE CYCLE 1-5 MENSTRUATION (OLD UTERINE LINING IS EXPELLED) 6-13 ESTROGEN PRODUCED BY EGG TRIGGERS RELEASE OF LH 14 OVULATION- EGG RELEASED

  14. UTERINE CYCLE CONT. 15-28 • CORPUS LUTEUM PRODUCES PROGESTERONE • ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS • LH DECREASES SO CORPUS LUTEUM DETERIORATES • PROGESTERONE DECREASES SO THE ENDOMETRIUM BEGINS TO BREAK DOWN

  15. PREGNANCY • FERTILIZATION- TAKES PLACE IN THE OVIDUCTS • EMBRYO IMPLANTS IN THE ENDOMETRIUM • PLACENTA FORMS- HCG HORMONE IS PRODUCED • PITUITARY IS SHUT DOWN • UTERINE LINING REMAINS INTACT- NO MENSTRATION • NO NEW EGGS DEVELOP

  16. MENOPAUSE • OVARIES NO LONGER RESPOND TO PITUITARY HORMONES • MENSTRUATION CEASES • PREGNANCY IS IMPOSSIBLE

  17. ENDOMETRIOSIS • CAUSED WHEN A PORTION OF THE MENSTRAL DISCHARGE TRAVELS BACKWARD THROUGH THE OVIDUCTS AND INTO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY • THESE ENDOMETRIAL CELLS STILL RESPOND TO HORMONES • CAUSES PAIN

  18. BIRTH CONTROL • ORAL CONTRACEPTION- PREVENTS EGG PRODUCTION • IUD- PLASTIC T THAT ALTERS THE UTERINE ENVIRONMENT MAKING IMPLANTATION DIFFICULT • DIAPHRAM- RUBBER CUP THAT COVERS CERVIX & BLOCKS SPERM • MALE AND FEMALE CONDOMS- TRAP SPERM

  19. BIRTH CONTROL CONT. • CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS- INSERTED UNDER SKIN • THE SIZE OF A MATCH STICK • RELEASE HORMONES • HORMONES PREVENT OVULATION

  20. FEMALE INFERTILITY MAJOR CAUSES • BLOCKED OVIDUCTS- SCARRING FROM STD’S • NO OVULATION BECAUSE OF LOW BODY WEIGHT OR STRESS • ENDOMETRIOSIS

  21. MALE INFERTILITY • LOW SPERM COUNT OR ABNORMAL SPERM • RADIATION, CHEMICALS, SOME MEDICATIONS

  22. SOLUTIONS • AI- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION • IN VITRO FERTILIZATION- EGG AND SPERM ARE COMBINED IN A TEST TUBE, THEN THE EMBRYO IS PLACED IN THE UTERUS

  23. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES WARNING THESE PICTURES MAY BE DISTURBING TO SOME PEOPLE

  24. STD • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE • A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE OFTEN SPREAD BY SEXUAL CONTACT • CAUSED BY A PATHOGEN (DISEASE CAUSING AGENT)

  25. 3 TYPES 1. VIRAL VIRUS- A NON-LIVING STRUCTURE CONTAINING GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA OR RNA) • MOST ARE COVERED WITH A PROTEIN COAT 2. BACTERIAL BACTERIA- SMALL, SIMPLE CELLS

  26. TYPES CONT. 3. OTHER • CAUSED BY FUNGI, PROTISTS AND ANIMALS

  27. VIRUS • VIRUSES ARE NON-LIVING, THEY DEPEND ON LIVING ORGANISMS TO HELP THEM REPRODUCE LIFE CYCLE- VIRAL NUCLEIC ACID (USUALLY DNA) ENTERS THE HOST CELL. THE HOST NUCLEUS COPIES THE VIRAL DNA, AND THE HOST RIBOSOMES MAKE MORE PROTEIN COATS

  28. LIFE CYCLE CONTINUED • THE DNA AND PROTEIN COATS ASSEMBLE THEMSELVES INTO NEW VIRUSES AND THESE ESCAPE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE TO INFECT MORE CELLS. LATENCY- VIRUSES CAN ALSO INSERT THEMSELVES INTO THE HOST’S DNA AND LIE DORMANT- THIS CAN CAUSE CANCER (CERVICAL AND LIVER)

  29. VIRAL DISEASES • COMMON COLD, FLU, RABIES, ENCEPHALITIS • STD’S- AIDS, GENITAL WARTS, HERPES, HEPATITIS • ALL VIRAL STD’S CAN BE PASSED FROM AN INFECTED MOTHER TO THE NEWBORN CHILD!

  30. AIDS • ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME • CAUSED BY HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) VIRUS • NOT JUST A PROBLEM FOR GAYS OR INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS

  31. ACTION • THE VIRUS IS HARD FOR OUR BODIES TO KILL BECAUSE IT ATTACKS OUR IMMUNE SYSTEMS • SPECIFICALLY, IT DESTROYS T LYMPHOCYTES = WHITE BLOOD CELLS WHICH USUALLY POINT OUT ATTACKERS TO THE REST OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

  32. SYMPTOMS • AS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WEAKENS, THE PERSON SUFFERS FROM DISEASES THAT WOULD NOT EVEN OCCUR IN PEOPLE WITH NORMAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS • THESE OPPORTUNISTIC DISEASES KILL THE PERSON • FATIGUE, FEVER, WEIGHT LOSS

  33. ORAL SYMPTOMS OF AIDSCANCER- LEFT THRUSH- RIGHT

  34. TREATMENT AZT- INTERFERES WITH VIRAL REPLICATION PROTEINASE INHIBITORS- NEW VIRUSES ARE DEFECTIVE AND CANNOT INFECT OTHER CELLS • HIV+ - CAN APPEAR HEALTHY- THIS MEANS YOU HAVE THE VIRUS IN YOUR SYSTEM- LEADS TO AIDS • AIDS- YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS IMPAIRED

  35. VACCINES • WORK BY SHOWING YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM A WEAK OR KILLED INVADER SO IT CAN QUICKLY RECOGNIZE AND FIGHT OFF THE REAL INVADER IF IT SHOULD EVER GET INTO THE BODY • AIDS VACCINE HARD TO DEVELOP HIV VIRUS MUTATES (CHANGES) RAPIDLY

  36. GENITAL WARTS CAUSE= HPV (HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS) - OTHER TYPES OF HPV CAUSE REGULAR WARTS SYMPTOMS- WART-LIKE LESIONS ON THE PENIS OR VAGINA, CAN BE SMALL AND UNNOTICEABLE CANCER RISK- CAUSES CERVICAL CANCER

  37. GENITAL WARTS

  38. TREATMENT • REMOVAL BY SURGERY, FREEZING, BURNING, OR ACID • MAY STILL REAPPEAR AFTER REMOVAL Prevention- a genital warts vaccine has been developed for women and reduces rates of HPV infection and thus cervical cancer

  39. HERPES • GENITAL OR ORAL (COLD SORES AND FEVER BLISTERS) • SYMPTOMS (INITIAL INFECTION)= BLISTERING, PAIN, FEVER, BLISTERS TAKE 1-3 WEEKS TO HEAL • BLISTERS REOCCUR FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE WITH STRESS BECAUSE VIRUS REMAINS DORMANT IN SENSORY NERVES

  40. GENITAL HERPES

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