Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

Step Up To: Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Psychology, Eighth Edition By David G. Myers Worth Publishers (2007)

Chapter 3: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity You’re one of a kind Evolve ‘had to be there. Designer Genes Cats ‘n Dogs

1. Identical twins develop from: • A) a single egg and two sperms. • B) two eggs and a single sperm. • C) a single egg and a single sperm. • D) two eggs and two sperms.

2. A spiraling, complex molecule containing genes is called: • A) DNA. • B) a chromosome. • C) a genome. • D) a gene complex.

3. In adoption studies, scientists have found: • A) adopted children have personalities closer to the parents who raised them. • B) adopted children have personalities closer to the other children they were raised with. • C) adopted children have personalities shaped predominantly from their environments. • D) adopted children have personalities closer to their biological parents.

4. Mitch was extremely emotionally inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and at age 6 continued to be very shy. This illustrates the importance of: • A) parenting styles. • B) temperament. • C) chromosomal matching. • D) early trauma on later behavior.

Based on research about human behavior, the conclusion your text makes is: • A) heredity is much more important. • B) the environment is much more important. • C) the interaction of heredity and environment is more accurate. • D) our personalities are determined before birth.

6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut successfully: • A) cloned a sheep that lived to adulthood. • B) mapped the human genome. • C) domesticated wild foxes by selective mating. • D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant and an animal combination.

7. According to Richard Lewontin, a noted geneticist, if there was a world catastrophe and only Kenyans survived: • A) there would be an irretrievable loss of human diversity. • B) there would be a trivial reduction in human diversity. • C) the human race would evolve to a very unusual form. • D) future humans would be unable to deal with colder climates.

8. “Nature selects behaviorsthat increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future,” would be a fundamental statement made by: • A) evolutionary psychology. • B) fundamental psychology. • C) functional psychology. • D) environmental psychology.

9. A major criticism of scientists against evolutionary psychology is: • A) people did not evolve from monkeys. • B) the bible gives the true origin of humans. • C) interpretations are “far-fetched”. • D) their theories start with an effect and work backwards to propose an explanation.

10. In studying worldwide mating preferences, researchers have found that, in 37 countries: • A) men prefer thinner women. • B) women prefer mates with wealth and status. • C) mating preferences differed according to cultural norms. • D) women are marrying younger than ever before.

11. Rats raised in more stimulating environments resulted in: • A) “talented” rats who could count to ten. • B) happier and more sociable rats. • C) larger brains and more synaptic connections. • D) increased sexual activity.

12. Shared environmental influences account for ___ of children’s personality differences. • A) less than 10 percent. • B) about 50 percent. • C) about 25 percent. • D) more than 50 percent.

13. Environmental influences in childhood are more likely to affect ___ in adoptive children. • A) temperament • B) political attitudes • C) sexual preference • D) extraversion

14. When asked about her son’s shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, he will grow out of it.” You know that: • A) she is probably right. • B) shyness is a lasting trait of temperament. • C) he was probably traumatized. • D) he probably learned this from modeling one of his parents.

15. Children who grow up hearing one accent of speech at home and a different one from their peers: • A) do not develop accents. • B) develop accents similar to their parents. • C) develop accents similar to their peers. • D) has no relation to their own speech.

16. Each cultural group evolves its own rules for expected and accepted behavior called: • A) folkways. • B) unspoken rules. • C) etiquette. • D) norms.

17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the one below that prefers the greatest amount of personal space. • A) Arabs • B) British • C) French • D) Mexican

18. Frank was born with birth defects because his mother used drugs while she was pregnant with him. This illustrates the harmful influence of: • A) genetic coding. • B) natural selection. • C) prenatal environments. • D) inadequate parenting.

19. Identical twins can differ in their development before they are born in cases of: • A) genetic mutations. • B) two placentas. • C) different fathers. • D) alcohol abuse.

20. If a teenager is beginning to use drugs, it is most likely the result of: • A) misinformation. • B) poor parenting. • C) peer pressure. • D) cultural influences.

21. Boys usually play ____ and girls usually play ____. • A) socially; aggressively • B) aggressively; competitively • C) with one friend; in large groups • D) large groups with an activity; with one friend

22. When dealing with stress, women are more often likely to: • A) have emotional breakdowns. • B) turn to others for support. • C) become aggressive. • D) run away.

23. When a female fetus is exposed to too much testosterone, the result is most often: • A) she will be more “tomboyish” until puberty. • B) she will grow up to be a lesbian. • C) she will think of herself as a boy trapped in a girl’s body. • D) all of the above.

24: A set of expectations about the way men and women should behave are: • A) cultural norms. • B) gender identity. • C) male-female constructs. • D) gender roles.

25. According to ___, children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating or by being reinforced. • A) behavioral theory • B) gender schema theory • C) social learning theory • D) cultural determinism theory

Congratulations!

Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Identical twins develop from: • A) a single egg and two sperms. • B) two eggs and a single sperm. • C) a single egg and a single sperm. • D) two eggs and two sperms. 97

2. A spiraling, complex molecule containing genes is called: • A) DNA. • B) a chromosome. • C) a genome. • D) a gene complex. 96

3. In adoption studies, scientists have found: • A) adopted children have personalities closer to the parents who raised them. • B) adopted children have personalities closer to the other children they were raised with. • C) adopted children have personalities shaped predominantly from their environments. • D) adopted children have personalities closer to their biological parents. 100

4. Mitch was extremely emotionally inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and at age 6 continued to be very shy. This illustrates the importance of: • A) parenting styles. • B) temperament. • C) chromosomal matching. • D) early trauma on later behavior. 102

Based on research about human behavior, the conclusion your text makes is: • A) heredity is much more important. • B) the environment is much more important. • C) the interaction of heredity and environment is more accurate. • D) our personalities are determined before birth. 105

6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut successfully: • A) cloned a sheep that lived to adulthood. • B) mapped the human genome. • C) domesticated wild foxes by selective mating. • D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant and an animal combination. 108

7. According to Richard Lewontin, a noted geneticist, if there was a world catastrophe and only Kenyans survived: • A) there would be an irretrievable loss of human diversity. • B) there would be a trivial reduction in human diversity. • C) the human race would evolve to a very unusual form. • D) future humans would be unable to deal with colder climates. 109

8. “Nature selects behaviorsthat increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future,” would be a fundamental statement made by: • A) evolutionary psychology. • B) fundamental psychology. • C) functional psychology. • D) environmental psychology. 111

9. A major criticism of scientists against evolutionary psychology is: • A) people did not evolve from monkeys. • B) the bible gives the true origin of humans. • C) interpretations are “far-fetched”. • D) their theories start with an effect and work backwards to propose an explanation. 112

10. In studying worldwide mating preferences, researchers have found that, in 37 countries: • A) men prefer thinner women. • B) women prefer mates with wealth and status. • C) mating preferences differed according to cultural norms. • D) women are marrying younger than ever before. 111

11. Rats raised in more stimulating environments resulted in: • A) “talented” rats who could count to ten. • B) happier and more sociable rats. • C) larger brains and more synaptic connections. • D) increased sexual activity. 115

12. Shared environmental influences account for ___ of children’s personality differences. • A) less than 10 percent. • B) about 50 percent. • C) about 25 percent. • D) more than 50 percent. 117

13. Environmental influences in childhood are more likely to affect ___ in adoptive children. • A) temperament • B) political attitudes • C) sexual preference • D) extraversion 117

14. When asked about her son’s shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, he will grow out of it.” You know that: • A) she is probably right. • B) shyness is a lasting trait of temperament. • C) he was probably traumatized. • D) he probably learned this from modeling one of his parents. 102

15. Children who grow up hearing one accent of speech at home and a different one from their peers: • A) do not develop accents. • B) develop accents similar to their parents. • C) develop accents similar to their peers. • D) has no relation to their own speech. 117

16. Each cultural group evolves its own rules for expected and accepted behavior called: • A) folkways. • B) unspoken rules. • C) etiquette. • D) norms. 120

17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the one below that prefers the greatest amount of personal space. • A) Arabs • B) British • C) French • D) Mexican 120

18. Frank was born with birth defects because his mother used drugs while she was pregnant with him. This illustrates the harmful influence of: • A) genetic coding. • B) natural selection. • C) prenatal environments. • D) inadequate parenting. 114

19. Identical twins can differ in their development before they are born in cases of: • A) genetic mutations. • B) two placentas. • C) different fathers. • D) alcohol abuse. 114

20. If a teenager is beginning to use drugs, it is most likely the result of: • A) misinformation. • B) poor parenting. • C) peer pressure. • D) cultural influences. 118

21. Boys usually play ____ and girls usually play ____. • A) socially; aggressively • B) aggressively; competitively • C) with one friend; in large groups • D) large groups with an activity; with one friend 128

Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.