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2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Math Skills

3. States of Matter Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Matter and Energy Section 2 Fluids Section 3 Behavior of Gases

4. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Objectives • Summarizethe main points of the kinetic theory of matter. • Describe how temperature relates to kinetic energy. • Describe four common states of matter. • List the different changes of state, and describe how particles behave in each state. • State the laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, and explain how they apply to changes of state.

5. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Bellringer The nine drawings below contain different types and numbers of atoms and molecules. From your knowledge of the different classifications of matter, categorize the drawings shown.

6. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Bellringer, continued 1. Identify each diagram as one of more of the following: solid, liquid, gas, atoms only, molecules only, atoms and molecules. 2. Which diagram(s) could be a solution of gases?

7. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory • Here are the main points of the kinetic theory of matter: • All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. • These tiny particlesare always in motion. The higher the temperature of the substance, the faster the particles move. • At the same temperature, more-massive (heavier) particles more slower than less-massive (lighter) particles.

8. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Molecular Theory

9. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory, continued • The states of matter differ physically from one another. • Particles of a solid, such as iron, are in fixed positions. • In a liquid, such as cooking oil, the particles are closely packed, but they can slide past each other. • Gas particles are in a constant state of motion and rarely stick together.

10. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 States of Matter

11. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid, and Gas

12. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory, continued • Solids have a definite shape and volume. • The structure of a solid is rigid, and the particles have almost no freedom to change position. • Crystalline solids have an orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules. • Amorphous solids are composed of atoms or molecules that are in no particular order.

13. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Properties of Solids

14. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory, continued • Liquids change shape, but not volume. • The particles in a liquid move more rapidly than those of a solid—fast enough to overcome the forces of attraction between them. • The particles in a liquid can slide past each other, flowing freely. Liquids can take the shape of the container they are put into. • Liquids have surface tension, the force acting at the surface of a liquid that causes a liquid, such as water, to form spherical drops.

15. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Liquid

16. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Properties of Liquids

17. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory, continued • Gases are free to spread in all directions. • The particles of a gas move fast enough to break away from each other. • The space between gas particles can change, so a gas expands to fill the available space. • A gas can also be compressed to a smaller volume.

18. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Gas

19. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory, continued • Plasma is the most common state of matter. • Plasma is a state of matter that starts as a gas and then becomes ionized. • Plasmas conduct electric current, while gases do not. • Natural plasmas are found in lightning and fire. The glow of a fluorescent light is caused by an artificial plasma, created by passing electric currents through gases.

20. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy’s Role • Energy is the capacity to do work. • Sources of energy can include: • electricity, candles, and batteries • the food you eat • chemical reactions that release heat

21. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy

22. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy’s Role, continued • According to the kinetic theory, all matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. • Because the particles are in motion, they have kinetic energy, or energy of motion. • Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of a substance. • The more kinetic energy the particles in the object have, the more thermal energy the object has.

23. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy’s Role, continued • Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy. • Unlike total kinetic energy, temperature does not depend on how much of the substance you have. • For example, a teapot contains more tea than a mug does, but the temperature, or average kinetic energy of the particles in the tea, is the same in both containers.

24. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy and Changes of State • A change of state—the conversion of a substance from one physical form to another—is a physical change. • The identity of a substance does not change during a change of state, but the energy of a substance does change. • A transfer of energy known as heat causes the temperature of a substance to change, which can lead to a change of state.

25. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 States of Matter

26. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy and Changes of State, continued • Some changes of state require energy. • Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Energy is needed to separate the particles of a liquid to form a gas. • Sublimation is the process by which a solid turns directly to a gas. Sometimes ice sublimes to form a gas.

27. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Energy and Changes of State, continued • Energy is released in some changes of state. • Condensation is the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid. Energy is released from the gas and the particles slow down. • Energy is also released during freezing, which is the change of state from a liquid to a solid. • When a substance loses or gains energy, either its temperature changes or its state changes, but not both.

28. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Conservation of Mass and Energy • The law of conservation of mass says that mass cannot be created or destroyed. • For instance, when you burn a match, the total mass of the reactants (the match and oxygen) is the same as the total mass of the products (the ash, smoke, and gases). • The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. • For instance, when you drive a car, gasoline releases its stored energy, in the form of heat, used to move the car.

29. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Law of Conservation of Mass

30. Section 1 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Law of Conservation of Energy

31. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Objectives • Describethe buoyant force and explain how it keeps objects afloat. • Define Archimedes’ principle. • Explain the role of density in an object’s ability to float. • State and apply Pascal’s principle. • State and apply Bernoulli’s principle.

32. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Bellringer Although you may not be familiar with the specific details, you have seen buoyant forces at work. You know from experience that certain objects float in air or in water. This is because of the force that pushes, or buoys the object up. This force opposes the weight of the object, which is always in the downward direction. Examine each of the drawings shown on the next slide. Then answer the items that follow.

33. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Bellringer, continued 1. Is the buoyant force on the lump of gold greater than, less than, or equal to the gold’s weight? 2. Is the buoyant force on the balloon greater than, less than, or equal to the balloon’s weight? 3. Is the buoyant force on the boat greater than, less than, or equal to the boat’s weight? 4. Is the buoyant force on the submarine greater than, less than, or equal to the submarine’s weight?

34. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Fluids • A fluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or liquid. • Fluids are able to flow because their particles can move past each other easily. • The properties of fluids allow huge ships to float, divers to explore the ocean depths, and jumbo jets to soar across the skies.

35. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Fluid

36. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Buoyant Force • Buoyant force is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in or floating on a fluid. • Buoyancy explains why objects float. • All fluids exert pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface. • Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces.

37. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Buoyant Force, continued • The volume of fluid displaced by an object placed in a fluid will be equal to the volume of the part of the object submerged. • The figure below shows how displacement works.

38. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Buoyant Force, continued • An object will float or sink based on its density. • If an object is less dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will float. • If an object is more dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will sink.

39. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Density

40. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Fluids and Pressure • Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions. • For example, when you pump up a bicycle tire, air particles are constantly pushing against each other and against the walls of the tire.

41. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Fluids and Pressure, continued • Pressure can be calculated by dividing force by the area over which the force is exerted: • The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (abbreviation: Pa), equal to the force of one newton exerted over an area of one square meter (1 N/m2).

42. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Equation for Pressure

43. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Pascal’s Principle • Pascal’s principle states that a fluid in equilibrium contained in a vessel exerts a pressure of equal intensity in all directions. • Mathematically, Pascal’s principle is stated as p1 = p2, or pressure1 = pressure2.

44. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Math Skills Pascal’s Principle A hydraulic lift, shown in the figure below, makes use of Pascal’s principle, to lift a 19,000 N car. If the area of the small piston (A1) equals 10.5 cm2 and the area of the large piston (A2) equals 400 cm2, what force needs to be exerted on the small piston to lift the car?

45. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Math Skills, continued 1. List the given and unknown values. Given:F2 = 19,000 NA1 = 10.5 cm2A2 = 400 cm2Unknown: F1 2. Write the equation for Pascal’s principle.According to Pascal’s principle, p1 = p2.

46. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Math Skills, continued 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. • F1 = 500 N

47. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Pascal’s Principle, continued • Hydraulic devices are based on Pascal’s principle. • Hydraulic devices can multiply forces, as shown in the figure below. Because the pressure is the same on both sides of the enclosed fluid, a small force on the smaller area (at left) produces a much larger force on the larger area (at right).

48. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Fluids in Motion • Viscosity is the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow. • Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure of the moving fluid decreases. • Bernoulli’s principle is illustrated below: as a leaf passes through a drainage pipe from point 1 to point 2, it speeds up, and the water pressure decreases.

49. Section 2 Fluids Chapter 3 Viscosity

50. Section 3 Behavior of Gases Chapter 3 Objectives • Explainhow gases differ from solids and liquids. • State and explain the following gas laws: Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law. • Describe the relationship between gas pressure, temperature and volume.