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Classification of Microorganisms – Chapter 9

Classification of Microorganisms – Chapter 9. Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms Phylogeny The study of the evolutionary history of organisms. The Three-Domain System. Taxonomic Hierarchy.

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Classification of Microorganisms – Chapter 9

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  1. Classification of Microorganisms – Chapter 9 • Taxonomy • The science of classifying organisms • Provides universal names for organisms • Provides a reference for identifying organisms • Phylogeny • The study of the evolutionary history of organisms

  2. The Three-Domain System

  3. Taxonomic Hierarchy

  4. Species Definition • Eukaryotic species: • A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves and produce offspring that can produce offspring • Viral species: • Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

  5. Prokaryotic species: • A population of cells with similar characteristics • Based on: • morphology • biochemistry • genetics • Strain: Genetically different cells within a species

  6. Domain Eukarya • Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic • Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic • Fungi: Unicellular or multicellular; cell wall structure varies; Chemoheterotrophic • Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms; Predominantly unicellular

  7. References

  8. Identification Methods • Morphological characteristics: More useful for identifying eukaryotes than prokaryotes • Differential staining: • Gram staining • Acid-fast staining • Special staining • Negative staining • (Endo)spore staining

  9. Identification Methods • Biochemical tests: • Determines presence of specific bacterial See Animations → Dichotomous Key (chapter 10 Microbiology Place CD or website)

  10. Miniaturized Rapid Identification – “Enterotube” Vitek 2 – a more advanced miniaturized rapid identification system

  11. Serology • Combine known antiserum + unknown bacterium or bacterial antigens • Slide agglutination • ELISA • Western blot

  12. Another antibody-antigen test • Rapid “Strep” throat test • Detects Group A streptococci (i.e. Streptococcus pyogenes) in minutes.

  13. Flow Cytometry • Can identify different cell types • Fluorescently labelled antibodies are attached to cells • Computer detects cells

  14. Genetics • DNA fingerprinting • Electrophoresis of enzymatic digests • rRNA sequencing

  15. Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA chip

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