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Learn about acids and bases, their effects on pH, the pH scale, and methods to measure pH in this comprehensive guide.

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  1. Acids, Bases, & pH Chapter Menu

  2. Acid and Base Solutions • What happens when acids and bases dissolve in water? • How does the concentration of hydronium ions affect pH? • What methods can be used to measure pH? • What is the pH scale and how are substances arranged on it? Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC

  3. What are acids and bases? • An acid is a substance that produces a hydronium ion (H3O+) when dissolved in water. • Nearly all acid molecules contain one or more hydrogen atoms. • A hydronium ion, H3O+, is a positively charged ion formed when an acid dissolves in water. Lesson 3-1

  4. When an acid mixes with water, the hydrogen atom separates from the acid and quickly combines with a water molecule, resulting in a hydronium ion. Lesson 3-1

  5. What are acids and bases?(cont.) • A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water. • When a hydroxide compound mixes with water, hydroxide ions separate from the base and form hydroxide ions in water. Lesson 3-1

  6. When a hydroxide compound mixes with water, hydroxide ions separate from the base and form hydroxide ions in water. Lesson 3-1

  7. Bases that do not contain hydroxide ions produce hydroxide ions by taking hydrogen atoms away from water, leaving hydroxide ions. Lesson 3-1

  8. What are acids and bases?(cont.) What happens when acids and bases dissolve in water? Lesson 3-1

  9. Lesson 3-1

  10. What is pH? • The pHis an inverse measure of the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution. • A solution with a lower pH is more acidic. Lesson 3-2

  11. As the concentration of hydronium ions decrease, the pH increases. Lesson 3-2

  12. What is pH?(cont.) • All acid and base solutions contain both hydronium and hydroxide ions. • In a neutral solution, such as water, the concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal. • Acids have a greater concentration of hydronium ions than hydroxide ions. • Bases have a greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydronium ions. Lesson 3-2

  13. The pH scale helps classify solutions as acidic or basic. Lesson 3-2

  14. The pH scale helps classify solutions as acidic or basic. Lesson 3-2

  15. What is pH?(cont.) How does the concentration of hydronium ions affect pH? Lesson 3-2

  16. What is pH?(cont.) • The pH scale is used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is. • The pH scale contains values that range from below 0 to above 14. • On the pH scale acids have a pH below 7. • Bases have a pH above 7. Lesson 3-2

  17. What is pH?(cont.) • Solutions that are neutral have a pH of 7—they are neither acidic nor basic. • A change in one pH unit represents a tenfold change in the acidity or basicity of a solution. Lesson 3-2

  18. How is pH measured? • An indicator is a compound that changes color at different pH values when it reacts with acidic or basic solutions. • There are many different indicators—each indicator changes color over a specific range of pH values. Lesson 3-3

  19. How is pH measured?(cont.) • The pH of a solution can be measured by dipping a pH testing strip into the solution. • A more accurate way to measure pH is to use a pH meter. Lesson 3-3

  20. How is pH measured?(cont.) What are two methods that can be used to measure the pH of a solution? Lesson 3-3

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