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Explore Mexico's direct presidential election, Chamber of Deputies, and Senate elections, as well as voting patterns among PRI, PAN, and PRD supporters. Learn about the competitive electoral landscape, government institutions, the economy, foreign policy, and pressing issues like drug trafficking.
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MEXICO Part 3
elections • direct election of president, Chamber of Deputies representatives and senators • typical voting patterns: • PRI: small town or rural, less educated, older, poorer • PAN: north, middle-class professional or business, urban, better educated, religious • PRD: younger, politically active, from central states, some education, small town or urban, some middle class/older supporters
elections, cont. • elections are most competitive in urban areas • under PRI control, elections considered fraudulent; pressure since 19898 to have fairer elections • competitive elections have generated coalitions to the left and to the right of PRI, but may also encourage gridlock
electoral system: • president: elected through ‘first-past-the-post’ (plurality) system • members of congress: dual system of first-past and proportional representation • introduced in a major reform law in 1986, gave power to parties challenging PRI’s control • each of 31 states elects 3 senators, plus 32 seats determined nationally • lower house (Chamber of Deputies): 300 seats determined by plurality within single-member districts, 200 by proportional representation
Government institutions • Mexico: a federal republic • traditionally, executive has dominated • constitutionally, Mexico’s government structure resembles USA: • 3 branches of government, checks and balances, some direct election • unlike USA, Mexico’s constitution easily amended
the executive: • since formation of PRI, policymaking centered on Presdient • through patron-client system, president was virtual dictator for his sexenio • selected his successor, made all appointments to positions of power in government and in PRI, named candidates for state and local offices • the bureaucracy: • extremely large • paid very little, but those a high levels have much power • under PRI, parastatal sector was huge • number is now decreasing, but Fox’s efforts to privatize PEMEX were unsuccessful
the legislature: • bicameral • 128-member Senate, 500-member Chamber of Deputies • all directly elected (senators for 6-year term, deputies for 3-year term) • PRI lost influence over legislature as well as presidency • number of women in both houses has risen significantly • the judiciary: • Mexico does not yet have an independent judiciary or any system of judicial review • Constitution is easily amended • federal and state courts, but most laws are federal • movement toward independent judiciary and role of courts in protecting basic freedoms
the military: • dominated Mexican politics throughout 19th and early 20th centuries • PRI credited with de-politicizing the military • tendency to dole out favors to the military led to strong ties between military officers and the drug trade
policies and issues • the economy: • collapse in 1982 improvement nosedive after global economic crises of 2008 • standard of living increased greatly since 1940s, but gap between rich and poor still wide • the “Mexican Miracle”: 1940 - 1960 • economy grew by > 6% annually • industrial production rose 9% annually • agriculture’s share of total production dropped from 25% to 11% • manufacturing rose from 25% to 34% • little inflation
economy, cont. • problems: • income maldistribution • rarid and unplanned urbanization • growth based on oiol • Mexican government borrowed heavily on expected continued high oil prices • Mexico’s economy plummeted along with oil prices in 1980s • debt exceeded $100 billion (70% of GNP) • dramatic turnaround • sharp cuts in government spending • debt reduction • privatization • economy has diversified, less dependent on oil • efforts to privatize, reform PEMEX stalled
foreign policy: • Mexico’s foreign policy more focued on USA than any other country, but Mexican leaders have recently asserted themselves in international forums • maquiladora and NAFTA: • 1960, manufacturing zone created in northern Mexico near USA border • produced consumer goods for U.S • plants created to transform imported, duty-free components or raw materials into finished industrial products • NAFTA: signed in 1995, eliminated trade barriers
foreign policy, cont. • other trade agreements intended to globalize Mexico’s economy and pay off debt: • GATT/WTO • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • multilateral agreement, promotes freer trade mong countries • WTO created from GATT • NAFTA: goal – more closely integrate economies by eliminating tariffs and reducing restrictions on international expansion of companies • immigration policy: • NAFTA does not allow free flow of labor across borders • Mexico seeks guest worker program, increased visas amnesty • USA: post-9/11 security risks, public opinion
drug trafficking: • major problem for both countires • Mexico: massive corruption, massive violence, massive profit • ethnic conflict: • EZLN began in 1994 in Chiapas in protest to the signing of NAFTA • demands: jobs, land, housing, health care, education, independence • President Fox continues negotiations • democratization and electoral reform: • reforms in 1990s • CFE: independent regulatory body • 1994: assassination of PRI candidate • replacement of PRI leadership