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APAStyle

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APAStyle

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  1. What’s the difference between i.e and e.g.?e.g. For the sake of example, for example [Latin: exempli gratia]Example: Operational definitions define a concept by its measurement process, e.g., intelligence is what is measured by an I.Q. test.i.e. That is [Latin: id est]Example: Operational definitions, i.e., defining a concept by its measuring process, is vital in psychological research.

  2. Margins: 1 inch left, right, top and bottomDouble spacing, no lines skippedHeader and page numbering in upper right hand corner of pageFlush left, ragged right hand end of sentence. Disable right justificationIndent the first line of each paragraph (default setting on your word processor is OK)

  3. Order of the Manuscript PagesTitle page (this is numbered 1)Abstract (not to exceed 120 words—use word count feature in your word processor to check on this)Text (start on separate page, p.3) Introduction Method Results DiscussionReferences (start on separate page)Appendices (start each on a separate page)

  4. Order of the Manuscript Pages con’t.Author notes (start on separate page—these are acknowledgments, contact information, etc.Footnotes (listed together on separate page—APA style does not like footnotes and generally discourages their use)Tables (start each on a separate page)Figure captions (list together, starting on a separate page)Figures (place each on a separate page)The author must decide on whether Tables or Figures are the optimal presentational format. The same data cannot be presented in both.

  5. Report WritingAbstract (< 120 words)Introduction (contains the literature review, a rationale for performing the study, the statement of the problem and the hypotheses or predictions)Method (how the study was performed, who were the subjects, how were they recruited, what measures/instruments were used, what equipment was used, what were the instructions and procedures followed in the testing session)

  6. Report Writing con’t.Results (presentation of the data, results of the hypothesis testing—which were confirmed, which failed to receive support)Discussion (related introduction to results, how did the obtained results compare to previous studies, limitations, suggestions for future research, general commments. The length of the Discussion section should be approximately that of the Introduction

  7. Statistics in TextFor immediate recognition, the omnibus test of the main effect of sentence format was statistically significant, F(2, 177) = 4.37, p = .03. Regarding the 2 one-degree-of-freedom contrasts, of interest (C1 and C2 above), both reached the specified .05 significance level, F (1, 177) = 4.03, p = .05, and F(1, 117) = 4.71, p = .03, respectively. In terms of effect sizes . . .For the autokinetic movement illusion, as predicted, people highly hypnotizable (M = 5.26, SD = 4.25), t(60) = 1.99, p = .03 (one-tailed), d = .50._______________________________________________Note: d is Cohen’s measure of effect size2(4, N = 90) = 10.51, p = .03

  8. Note: This is the Greek letter chi and not an X (this font makes them appear similar). The alpha value is exact since statistical analysis software calculates the exact value. The upper-case N indicates the total sample size, while n indicates cell size. Chi is the only Greek letter used for sample statistics. Roman letters indicate indicate sample statistics, Greek letters indicate population parameters.

  9. ReferencesStart on new page, centre word References in normal typeUse hanging indentUse italic font for the titles of books and journals. APA no longer uses underlining for titles or volume numbers of journalsReference section is double-spaced with no lines skipped between referencesUse pp. only when citing a chapter in a book, just list the pages in an articleLast name first except when referencing a book editor

  10. References con’t.Use initial of author’s given name to distinguish authors with the same last name (e.g., D. Wiesenthal (1999); N. Wiesenthal, (2000).Use letters to differentiate publications in the same year by the same author (alphabetically by article title) Wiesenthal (2001a; 2001b; 2001c)Note the use of the semi-colon (;) rather than the comma (,) to separate the citations

  11. ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.American Psychologist, 47, 1597-1611.Brown, H. & Milstead, J. (1969). Patterns in poetry: An introductory anthology. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

  12. O’Neil, J.M. & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.R. Wainrib (Ed.),Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

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