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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Viral Diseases Acquired through the Respiratory Route. The Common Cold. The most common of all communicable diseases Incubation of 48 hours Compromised resistance can lead to more serious complications laryngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media. The Common Cold cont.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Viral Diseases Acquired through the Respiratory Route

  2. The Common Cold • The most common of all communicable diseases • Incubation of 48 hours • Compromised resistance can lead to more serious complications • laryngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media

  3. The Common Cold cont. • Transmission • Direct and indirect contact • Symptoms • Throat tickle, water nasal discharge, sneezing • Treatment • No known cure • Liquids, rest and occasional OTC remedies

  4. The Common Cold cont. • Prevention/Control • Social, mental, physical and spiritual fitness may help limit the number of colds a person has. • Good Hygiene • Frequent hand washing • Sanitary disposal of tissues

  5. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • First appeared in China and spread to other countries • There is still much to learn about this disease • Transmission • Coronavirus • Direct contact

  6. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) cont. • Symptoms • Fever, respiration symptoms • Symptoms can become severe • Oxygen support • Mechanical help to breath • Treatment • No vaccine or cure • Mirrors serious pneumonia treatment

  7. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) cont. • Prevention/Control • Isolation of suspected cases of SARS • Wearing protective equipment

  8. Influenza • “the flu” • People moving from outdoor to indoor activities due to weather. • Viruses change constantly • Type A • Most prevalent • Responsible for most influenza epidemics • Type B • Wide spread or regional pandemics every 2-3 years • Type C • Localized breakouts - endemic

  9. Influenza cont. • Avian flu • Identified in Hong Kong May of 1997 • Reemerged in 2004 • Once case gives the best evidence for possible person-to-person transmission of the virus

  10. Influenza cont. • Transmission • Person-to-person through the air • Indirect contact with contaminated objects • Symptoms • Sudden chills, temperature, headache, malaise, muscle aches, nonproductive cough • Treatment • bed rest, analgestics and liquids • Amantadine reduces the severity of type A influenza

  11. Influenza cont. • Prevention/Control • Vaccination recommended • people over 65 • Respiratory or circulatory diseases • Nasal vaccine is awaiting FDA approval • Basic hygiene

  12. Infectious Mononucleosis • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) • Mainly affects young adults and children • Incubation is 4-6 weeks • May be communicable for a year or more after infection

  13. Infectious Mononucleosis cont. • Transmission • EBV is carried in the throat • The kissing disease • Oral-pharyngeal route • Symptoms • Headache, malaise, fatigue, fever, sore throat • Complications may include: • Ruptured spleen, meningitis, anemia

  14. Infectious Mononucleosis cont. • Treatment • Restriction from contact sports • Danger of ruptured spleen • Low resistance • Prevention/Control • Personal hygiene • Limited contact with infected individuals

  15. Varicella (Chicken Pox) • Mild but very contagious childhood disease • Human herpes virus 3 (varicella zoster) • Infection infers immunity

  16. Varicella (Chicken Pox) cont. • Transmission • Communicable to those who haven’t have chicken pox • Direct or indirect contact • Symptoms • Fever, malaise, and anorexia • Itchy rash after 24 hours • Persistent scratching can lead to infections, scarring, impetigo and boils.

  17. Varicella (Chicken Pox) cont. • Treatment • No cure • Relief of symptoms • Bicarbonate of soda baths, calamine or antihistamine lotions • Prevention/Control • Vaccine is recommended for children 12-18 months old • Children should be kept out of school

  18. Herpes Zoster (Shingles) • Reactivation of the chickenpox virus in adults • Common in those with compromised immunity • Immediately following a stressful incident • Older adults

  19. Herpes Zoster (Shingles) • Transmission • As easily transmitted as chickenpox • Symptoms • Fever and malaise • 2-4 days: severe deep pain, pruritis and paraesthesia or hyperesthesia • Pain varies from nothing to intermittent attacks for years

  20. Herpes Zoster (Shingles) • Treatment • Analgesics provide temporary partial relief • Prevention/Control • Avoidance of those at risk

  21. Measles (Rubeola, Red Measles, Hard Measles) • One of the most common communicable diseases in the world until 1963 • Vaccination required of all children in the U.S. • Complications from measles can be fatal

  22. Measles (Rubeola, Red Measles, Hard Measles) cont. • Transmission • Direct and indirect transmission • Airborne droplets, nasal and throat secretions • Symptoms • Fever, photophobia, malaise, conjunctivitis, Koplik’s spots, temperature, rash • Serious complication: Encephalitis

  23. Measles (Rubeola, Red Measles, Hard Measles) cont. • Treatment • Symptom relieving remedies • Acetaminophen • Aspirin (not for children) • Prevention/Control • Childhood vaccination • Vaccine within 72 hours of exposure

  24. Rubella and Congential Rubella Syndrome “…rubella is no longer endemic in the United States.” Vaccinations will continue among women of childbearing age

  25. Mumps (Infectious Parotitis) • Most prevalent in 5- to 9-year-olds • Caused by paramyxovirus • Infects the parotid gland • Immunity is transferred from mother to baby

  26. Mumps (Infectious Parotitis) cont. • Transmission • Airborne droplets • Direct contact with saliva of infected person • Symptoms • Aprox. 30% have no symptoms • Vary widely • Headache, low-grade fever, earache, parotid gland swelling and tenderness • Complications • Orchitis, epididymitis, meningitis

  27. Mumps (Infectious Parotitis) cont. • Treatment • Anagesics, fluids, rest • Prevention/Control • Vaccination for all children • If contracted, exclusion from school

  28. Smallpox • No cases of smallpox in the United States have been reported since 1949 • World wide vaccination program effectively eradicated the disease.

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