VISION

1. VISION HOW DOES VISION LOSS AFFECT BEHAVIOR?

2. THE VISUAL SENSE HELPS TO Inform (what is happening over there?) Locate (Where am I? Where are others?) Instruct (How do I stand? Sit? Gain notice?) Motivate (How do I get what I want?) Anticipate (What happens next?) IMPACT OF VISION LOSS

3. DISTANT SENSES • VISION • HEARING • THESE SENSES ALLOW A PERSON TO ACCESS OBJECTS AND INFORMATION THAT ARE NOT IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE BODY

4. BLINDNESS • 80% of blindness is treatable/preventable • Leading causes: cataract, trachoma (infection of the cornea), nutritional deficiencies, refractive errors • Preventable blindness is caused by trauma, diet, environment & infections

5. VISION FOR COMMUNICATION • IN ORDER TO LEARN LANGUAGE, CHILDREN WHO ARE DEAFBLIND MUST DEPEND UPON OTHERS TO MAKE LANGUAGE ACCESSIBLE TO THEM. • BARBARA MILES

6. CHALLENGES • HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT • HOW TO COMMUNICATE MEANINGFULLY WITH FAMILY AND OTHERS • HOW TO MOVE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT INDEPENDENTLY

7. ETIOLOGY • GENETIC • DISEASE • SYNDROME • PREMATURITY

8. ASSESSMENT OF VISION • OPTHOMOLOGICAL • FUNCTIONAL • CLASSROOM CHECKLIST

9. ASSESSMENT OF COGNITION: STAGE 1, OBJECT CONCEPT • DEAF • Attach cup with plastic chain to arm of high chair & reinforce process for retrieving cup. Child grabs chain/looks. Adult models MORE • When child signs MORE as a request, adult models acknowledgement: YOU WANT MORE

10. VARIATIONS OF LANGUAGE INPUT • MORE • YOU WANT MORE • MORE MILK • WANT MORE MILK • WANT DRINK MILK

11. VARIATIONS OF REQUEST OR RESPONSE • YES (NONVERBAL OR VERBAL) • MORE • MILK • DRINK • WHEN CHILD INITIATES, ADULT COMMENTS AND EXPANDS

12. ADAPTATIONS FOR A CHILD WHO IS DEAFBLIND • CHOOSE THE MOST SALIENT SIGN FOR STAGE I INPUT: • WANT RATHER THAN MORE • DRINK RATHER THAN MILK

13. PROGRESSION FROM STAGE I TO STAGE II • WANT • WANT + DRINK • WANT + DRINK + MILK MODEL FROM THE CHILD’S PERSPECTIVE UNTIL STAGE III IS ACHIEVED

14. HOLOPHRASTIC WORDS • “KINGO” • BLAME • SHARE • WHERE IS HE?

15. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS • AMOUNT AND QUALITY OF LIGHT • BEST DISTANCE FROM VISUAL TARGET • BEST SIGNING PLACEMENT • CAN CHILD SHIFT GAZE? • IS BACKGROUND DISTRACTING? (VISUAL CLUTTER)

16. USE OF PICTURES • ENLARGED PHOTOS • LINE DRAWINGS (BLACK AND WHITE) • RAISED SURFACE, MAT FINISH • RAISED LINES

17. VICARIOUS LEARNING • REPEATED, MEANINGFUL EXPERIENCES WITH PEOPLE AND OBJECTS • DAILY NATURAL ROUTINE • SALIENT ACTIVITIES

18. COGNITIVE HIERARCHY • REAL OBJECTS • OBJECT AS SYMBOL • GRADUAL MOVE FROM 3-D TO 2-D • LARGE PRINT (BRAILLE EXPOSURE?)

19. MENTAL MAPPING • ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS • BODY AWARENESS, MOVEMENT • CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT • SOCIAL AWARENESS

20. PRIMARY GOALS • INDEPENDENT COMMUNICATION • INDEPENDENT MOBILITY • USE OF INTERPRETERS, AIDES, ASSISTIVE DEVICES

21. ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT • “CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENT TO INCREASE MOVEMENT AND EXPLORATION AT AN EARLIER AGE WILL ENHANCE ALL ASPECTS OF A CHILD’S DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING EMERGENT LITERACY.” • J.M. STRATTON (1996) JVIB

22. TEACHER’S ROLE • CREATE A SAFE, PREDICTABLE ENVIROMENT WITH MEANINGFUL SPACES • ENCOURAGE HAND ACTIVITY FOR EXPLORATION AND COMMUNICATION • ALLOW STUDENTS TO ACT, NOT BE ACTED UPON • OBSERVE EACH CHILD OBJECTIVELY

23. OBSERVATION • “AIR FORCE COLONEL JOHN BOYD;S TERM “OODA LOOP” STATES THAT SUCCESS IS A MATTER OF OBSERVING, ORIENTING, DECIDING, AND ACTING FASTER THAN THE OPPONENT.” • BOYER, P. (2003) THE NEW WAR MACHINE. NEW YORKER, JUNE 30, P. 55-71.

24. DECISION MAKING • 1. EMOTIONAL REACTION • 2. JUDGMENT AND EMOTION • 3. JUDGEMENT TEMPERS EMOTION • 4. OBJECTIVE CONSIDERATION OF OPTIONS • 5. DECISION

25. PROCESS • MAKE THE PROCESS CLEAR • TASK ANALYSIS • WHAT ARE THE SMALL, INCREMENTAL STEPS THAT ARE REQUIRED TO COMPLETE A TASK? • BREAKDOWN OF THE PRELIMINARY STEPS FOR EACH TASK, FOR EACH CHILD • FAMILY INVOLVEMENT FOR CARRY-OVER

26. PRODUCT • REQUEST OR RESPONSE BASED ON CLEAR KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROCESS

27. ASL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS • CHILD’S HAND UNDER ADULT’S HAND • CHILD’S HAND OVER ADULT’S HAND • FINGERSPELLING • INDEPENDENT INITIATION OF SIGNED COMMUNICATION • ATTENTION GETTING • EXPRESSIVE • RECEPTIVE

28. ORAL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS • TADOMA • SPEECH -- VIBROTACTILE SUPPORT • AUDITORY AMPLIFICATION • COCHLEAR IMPLANT

29. STEPS TOWARD MOBILITY • VARY THE CARRY • BODY TO BODY CONTACT • BACK STRENGTHENING • ROLLING OVER • CRAWLING, CREEPING, SCOOTING • SITTING WITH SUPPORT—BALANCE • REACHING

30. INDEPENDENT MOBILITY • STANDING • WALKING WITH ADULT SUPPORT • WALKING WITH OTHER SUPPORT • CRUISING • WALKER, CANE • SIGHTED GUIDE

31. TERMS • CO-ACTIVE MOVEMENT • ANTICIPATORY SET • PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENT