The Respiratory System Lecture 2 of the Course “Medical English”

1. The Respiratory System Lecture 2 of the Course “Medical English” for Sophomore Medical Students of Taipei Medical University School of Medicine Taipei Medical University Winston W. Shen, M.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Psychiatry Taipei Medical University College of Medicine and Chief, Department of Psychiatry TMU-Wan Fang Medical Center Taipei, TAIWAN E-mail address: Shenwinw@gmail.com

2. The Schedule for the Course “Medical English” Version of 3/4/07 (Part 1 of 2) • Week 1 (March 1) The Digestive System • Week 2 (March 8) The Respiratory System • Week 3 (March 15) The Cardiovascular System • Week 4 (March 22) The Musculoskeletal System • (Turning in a 400-word essay on “My Visit to the Clinic” or “My Visit • to the Hospital” (in double-line space hard copy) • Week 5 (March 29) The Central Nervous System • Week 6 (April 5) The Urinary System • Week 7 (April 12) The Reproductive System • Week 8 (April 19) The First Examination • Week 9 (April 26) Medical Records • (Turning in a 400-word essay on “My Favorite Book” (in double line • space hard copy)

3. The Schedule for the Course “Medical English” Version of 3/4/07 (Part 2 of 2) • Week 10 (May 3) Scientific Papers • Week 11 (May 10) Hematology • Week 12 (May 17) Infectious Diseases • Week 13 (May 24) The Second Examination • Week 14 (May 31) Endocrinology (Turning in a 400-word essay on “How to Be a Good Physician” (in double line space hard copy) • Week 15 (June 7) Immunology • Week 16 (June 14) Oncology • Week 17 (June 21) No Class • Week 18 (June 28) Final (The Third) Examination

4. The Respiratory System From: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

5. Oral Cavity pl.oral cavities Gr. der Mundhohlraum Fr. la cavite de bouche M.Fr. cavitÈ, L.cavitas "hollowness" L.cavus hollow Uvula Pl. las, lae e.g. excavate L.ūv(a) grape + -ula Anatomy. the small, fleshy, conical body projecting downward from the middle of the soft palate. Tooth Pl. teeth Gr. der Zahn F. dent dentition a dent in the car a dentist an indented paragraph Tongue From: Surface Anatomy: Oral Cavity Gr. die Zunge F. langue • Oral examination • Oral hygiene

6. Phar.ynx (pl. pharynges or pharynxes) n.   pl.pha·ryn·ges or phar·ynx·esThe section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. [New Latin pharynx, pharyng-, from Greek pharunx.] The nasopharynx (nasal part of the pharynx) lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate: it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open). From: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

7. Tho.rax (pl. thoraxes or thoraces) The part of the human body between the neck and the diaphragm, partially encased by the ribs and containing the heart and lungs; the chest from Latin. The middle division of the body of an insect, to which the wings and legs are attached. The thorax lies between the head and the abdomen. The American Heritage Science Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002 Thoracic surgeon = Chest surgeon Thoracoscopy

8. Trachea [tray-kee-uh] (pl. tracheas or tracheae)adj. tracheal The tube connecting the mouth to the bronchial tubes that carries air to the lungs; the windpipe. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition, by Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005 Annular ligament • The airway that extends from the larynx • into the thorax where it divides into the • right and left bronchi. It is composed of • thin incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage • connected by a membrane called the • annular ligament. Also called windpipe. Trachea The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary by Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Hyaline cartilage Hyaline, L & Gr. glass, a horny substance found in hydatid cysts, closely resembling chitin

9. Brochus Trachea Bronchiole (a small branch of a bronchus) Pl.bronchi (brŏng'kī', brŏng'kē') Either of the two main branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs, where they divide into smaller branches.The American Heritage Science Dictionary, by Houghton Mifflin Company. 2002 Trachea Left brochus Right brochus

10. Lung (pl. Lungs; die Lunge Gr; poumon (Fr) Either of two spongy organs in the chest of air-breathing vertebrate animals that serve as the organs of gas exchange. Blood flowing through the lungs picks up oxygen from inhaled air and releases carbon dioxide, which is exhaled. Air enters and leaves the lungs through the bronchial tubes. A similar organ found in some invertebrates. The American Heritage Science DictionaryHoughton Mifflin Company, 2002 www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF126/3D607003.jpg www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/resp/regbps-2.GIF

11. Words with pneumo- • Pneumonia (inflammation of lungs) • Pneumonitis • Pneumothorax (presence of air or gas in pleural cavity) • Clamydia pneumoniae • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Staphylococcus pneumoniae • Streptococcus pneumoniae

12. A Chest X-Ray Showing Pneumonia in the Right Middle Lobe Radiolucent (air density) Showing normal lung Radio-opaque(bone density) showing the vertebral bone Radio-opaque (fluid density) showing the silhouhette of the heart Radio-opaque (fluid density) showing the consolidation of the lung lucent, L. shining opaque, L. shaded silhouhette, Fr. after a finance minister, Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767) www.brooksidepress.org/.../RMLPNEUMPA250.jpg

13. Breathing-related Terms • Respiration = inhalation + exhalation • A respirator, A device that supplies oxygen or a mixture • of oxygen and carbon dioxide for breathing • To breathe to breathe easily again after the exertion to hold the breath to wheeze to cough • To ventilate to oxygenate by exposure to air in the lung • A.pnea or apnea • Dys.pnea • Ta.chyp.nea suspension of breathing, e.g. sleep apnea difficulty in breathing, shortness of breath rapid breathing

14. Methods in the Physical Examination • Inspection • Palpation • Percussion • Auscultation to view, to see visually We had to wait for the inspection before we could use the elevator. v. to inspect to examine by touch A palpation is needed to estimate the size of the liver. v. to palpate the striking or tapping of the body surface Percussion instruments include cymbals, drums, triangles and xylophones. v. to percuss the act of listening to sounds within the body In auscultation with the use of a stethoscope, I heard the râlesand wheezing sounds. v. to auscultate Winston W. Shen, M.D./02-2007

15. Percussion Instruments Cymbal Triangle Drum Xylophone

16. French Accents of the Alphabets A, E, i, O or U • Accent aigu á, é, ó ou ú (acute accent a, e, o, or u) • e.g. cavité, élite, émigré, Montréal,passé • Accent grave à, è, i, ò ou ù (grave accent a, e, o or u) e.g. déjàvu, Où allez-vou? • Accent circonflexe â, ê, i, ô ou û (circumflex accent a, e, o or u) e.g. râle, rôle, fête e.g. exempli gratia, L. for exampleù Winston W. Shen, M.D./02-2007

17. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) • Bronchiectasis Bronchus + extension An abnormal and permanent dilatation of the bronchi. The patient with bronchiectasis has parosysmal coughing and copious expectoration of sputum. • Emphysema Inflation, Gk. to blow a chronic, irreversible disease of the lungs characterized by abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of the tissue lining the walls of the air spaces The acronym for Taipei Medical University is ‘TMU’. The acronym for World Health Organization is ‘WHO’.

18. A Case of Brochopneumonia Chief Complaints Coughing with breathing difficulty for three days History of Present illness This 25-year-old female patient was brought to the afternoon chest clinic at TMU-Wan Fang Medical Center yesterday. According to the patient, she started to cough three days ago. The coughing had become more frequently and started to have sputum two days ago. The patient’s illness has become worse in her coughing and the production of copious sputum. Furthermore, she started to have a fever of 38.5 degree Celsius. Thus, her doctor admitted her to the hospital for further evaluation and treatment.

19. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. Thou shalt always use correct grammar Original version A total of 451 visitor groups from 41 countries have visited TMU-Wan Fang Medical Center. Revision A total of 451 visitor groups from 41 countries has visited TMU-Wan Fang Medical Center.

20. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 2. Thou shalt use simpler sentences Original version I myself came to witness the trouble place, I eventually conquered the place. Revision Veni, vidi, vici. -- Julius Caeser

21. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 3. Thou shalt vary your writing. Original version Mr. Smith gave Ms. Jones a cup of coffee. Then Mr. Smith also gave Ms. Jones a copy of newspaper. Later, Mr. Smith took Ms. Jones for a walk in the park. Afterwards, Mr. Smith and Ms. Jones went shopping. Both Mr. Smith and Ms. Jones enjoyed the relaxing time in that morning. Revision Mr. Smith gave Ms. Jones a cup of coffee and then a copy of newspaper before they took a walk in the park. Later, they went shopping. Both were relaxed in that morning.

22. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 4. Thou shalt use more active voice. Original version On day 15,. mice were sacrificed and their lungs were removed. Revision On day 15, we sacrificed mice and removed their lungs.

23. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 5. Thou shalt avoid redundancies Original version I can get the cash of NT$20,000 from an ATM machine. Revision I can get the cash of NT$20,000 from an ATM.

24. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 6. Thou shalt avoid using Latinate words Original version The patient has a history of poor compliance in the administration of her medications. Revision 1 The patient has a history of poor compliance in taking her medications. Revision 2 The patient has a history of poor compliance to take her medications.

25. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 7. Thou shalt use strong verbs Original version SARS-CoV S protein can be neutralizing antibodies, then make it be a suitable candidate for vaccine. Revision SARS-CoV S protein which can neutralize antibodies, is a suitable candidate for vaccine.

26. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 8. Thou shalt use the parallel construction Original version Patient’s mother has a history of postpartum depression 30 years ago, and her sister also has a history of postpartum depression 10 years ago. Revision Patient’s mother and sister have histories of postpartum depression, 30 and 10 years ago, respectively.

27. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 9. Thou shalt avoid using empty phrases. Original version There are three issues facing the prime minister. Revision Three issues face the prime minister.

28. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 10. Thou shalt be specific in using words. Original version When you come to a fork in the road. Take it. -- Yogi Berra Revisions You should make a choice. You should be decisive.

29. Exercises I Choosing the Most Appropriate Answers • Jamaica is a (A) Caribbean, (A) Baltic, (C) Mediterranean, or (D) Persian country. • Euphemistically, the term, “bowel movement” means (A) urination, (B) respiration, (C) defecation, or (D) sexual intercourse. • Which of the following anatomical part does NOT belong to small intestine: (A) duodenum, (B) appendix, (C) jejunum, or (D) ileum.