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Detecting Radiation

Detecting Radiation. in our Radioactive World. Nuclear Technology in our Lives. Eaten Eggs? Driven over a Metal Bridge? Attached a Postage Stamp? Use Contact Lens Solution? Used a Photocopier?.

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Detecting Radiation

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  1. Detecting Radiation in our Radioactive World

  2. Nuclear Technology in our Lives Eaten Eggs? Driven over a Metal Bridge? Attached a Postage Stamp? Use Contact Lens Solution? Used a Photocopier?

  3. The Anticipatory Set:Which of these things is not like the other, which of these things are kind of the same?

  4. Detecting Radiation

  5. What makes up glow sticks, ceramic plates, & people?

  6. ATOMS! That’s what!

  7. Atomic Structure of Iron ATOMIC NUMBER (# of protons) 26 55.85 Fe ATOMIC MASS (total # of protons & neutrons) ATOMIC SYMBOL IRON ELEMENT NAME

  8. ATOMIC PARTICLES • PROTON: within the nucleus, large mass, positive charge, identifies the element. • NEUTRON: within the nucleus, large mass, no charge. • electron: outside the nucleus, very small mass, negative charge. +

  9. RADIATIONis the transmission of energy by means of: particles OR waves

  10. Visible Light Microwaves Infrared TV – Radio Waves Radar Waves RADIATION Ionizing Non-Ionizing • High Energy UV • Radioactive Atoms • Gamma Rays • Neutrons • X-Rays

  11. Ionizing Radiation Neutrons and Protons Ejected Electron Ionization Radiation Radiation with enough energy to remove an electron from its atom.

  12. Radioactivity vs. Radiation Ionizing Radiation Radioactive Atom Alpha Particle Neutron Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray

  13. Alpha Particle a Characteristics • +2 charge • 2 protons • 2 neutrons • Large mass Range • Very short range • 1" -2" in air Shielding • Paper • Outer layer of skin Hazards • Internal Sources • Plutonium • Uranium • Radium • Thorium • Americium a a a a a

  14. Beta Particle b Shielding • Plastic safety glasses • Thin metal Characteristics • -1 charge • Small mass Range • Short range • About 10' in air Hazards • Skin and eyes • Can be internal Sources • Radioisotopes • Activation Products • Sealed sources

  15. Gamma Ray g Sources • X-ray machines • Electron microscopes • Sealed sources • Accelerators • Nuclear reactors • Radioisotopes Characteristics • No charge • No mass • Similar to x-rays Range • Long range • About 1100' in air Shielding • Lead • Steel • Concrete Hazards • External (whole body) • Can be internal Paper Plastic Lead

  16. Neutron Particle h Characteristics • No charge • Found in nucleus Range • Extended range Shielding • Water • Plastic Hazards • External (whole body) Sources • Fission • Reactor operation • Sealed sources • Accelerators Paper Lead Water

  17. Radioactive Contamination • Radioactive atoms ON or IN an unwanted place or material. • Nearby objects may be irradiated.

  18. Irradiation • Exposure of a material to ionizing radiation. • Does NOT make the material radioactive. • May cause a chemical or physical change in the material. • Possible to remove the material away from the radioactive atoms. Radiation = Radioactive Atoms

  19. millirem Abbreviation: mrem 1000 mrem = 1 rem millirem- is the basic unit of radiation dose equivalent. It measures biological risk in humans.

  20. The average annual dose to the general population from natural background and man-made sources is 620 mrem. Terrestrial Sources Cosmic Radiation Radon Radon Internal Sources Other

  21. Average Annual Dose

  22. Comparison of Radiation Dose 800,000 mrem = 800 rem

  23. Basic Protective Measures Time Distance Shielding

  24. Detecting Radiation

  25. Geiger-Muller Tube ¨

  26. Four Ways Radioactive Material Can Enter the Body Inhalation • Breathing • Smoking Wound or Cut Ingestion • Eating • Drinking • Chewing Absorption

  27. Factors Affecting Biological Damage • Total radiation dose • Dose rate • Type of radiation • Area of body exposed • Cell sensitivity • Individual sensitivity

  28. Cells are undamaged. Cells are damaged, repair damage, & operate normally. Cells are damaged, repair damage, & operate abnormally Cells are damaged & die. Biological Effects of Radiation

  29. Acute Radiation Dose Acute radiation dose refers to persons who receive large amounts of Radiation over a short period of time.

  30. Chronic Radiation Dose Chronic radiation dose refers to persons who receive small amounts of radiation over a long period of time.

  31. Health Effects Somatic Effects observed in the exposed individual Heritable Effects observed in future generations of exposed individual

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