Do Insects Infest Wood Packing Material with Bark Following Heat Treatment?

1. Do Insects Infest Wood Packing Material with Bark Following Heat Treatment? Robert Haack, Toby Petrice USDA Forest Service Pascal Nzokou and D. Pascal Kamdem Michigan State University

2. 1 Exotic 2 Exotics 3 Exotics 6 Exotics 27 Exotic Borers discovered in 1985-2006 First found in 17 states 2 Buprestids 5 Cerambycids 1 Siricid 19 Scolytids 11 ambrosia, 8 bark beetles

3. Common types of Wood Packing Material (WPM) Pallets Dunnage Spools Crating

4. USA:Bark- & wood-infesting insect interceptions on WPM from 113 countries during 1985-2000 Top 10 Italy Germany China Spain Belgium Russia India Mexico France UK Source: USDA APHIS Port Information Network

5. Chile:Insect interceptions on WPM from 38 countries during 1995 – 1999 Top 10 USA Brazil Germany Argentina Italy India Peru Colombia Ecuador Spain Source: Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero

6. International Trade Most cargo is shipped in containers More than 300 million containers shipped worldwide in 2003 Container ships often cross oceans in 1-2 weeks Inspection rates are low worldwide, usually 1 to 5% The US inspection rate is < 2% The US Pallet Industry > 500 million new pallets produced/year > 250 million pallets repaired/year

7. ISPM 15 (2002) is an international standard to reduce the risk of introducing pests associated with WPM International Forest Quarantine Research Group (2003) 1st question to IFQRG: Do insects and disease organisms infest wood after HT or MB treatment, especially when bark is present?

8. 2004: Log Study Pine, Hickory, Maple, Oak 2005: Lumber Study Pine

9. 2004: Log Study Pine, Hickory, Maple, Oak Trees cut in June 2004 Cut 1-m-long bolts of each species, no bark removed Treated bolts (56C-30m) & put back in field within 2 weeks Half of bolts recovered in July 2004 Others recovered in March 2005

10. Reared the other half in cardboard tubes Dissected half of each bolt

11. Scolytids and • Cerambycids infested • all logs, • including both • control & HT logs Gnathotrichus, Ips, Monarthrum, Orthotomicus, Xylosandrus, Xyloterinus • Acanthocinus, Monochamus, Saperda, Urographus, Xylotrechus

12. Mean scolytid (2004) and cerambycid (2005) emergence density from green barked logs that were subjected to natural attack after HT Number / m2 Tree Insect Heat Control Hickory Ambrosia beetles 543 2 Cerambycids 36 4 Maple Ambrosia beetles 112 16 Cerambycids 27 4 Oak Ambrosia beetles 64 22 Cerambycids 4 23 Pine Bark beetles 1352 430 Ambrosia beetles 269 17 Cerambycids 1 14

13. 2005 Study • 2 Treatments (HT, Control) • 1 Tree species (red pine) • Lumber dimensions1 m long 1-inch and 4-inch boards • Amount of bark present on one face • No bark • Eight small patches: 4-in2 or 25 cm2 • Two large patches: 16 in2 or 100 cm2 • All bark • 12 replicates for each combination • Placed in field for 3 weeks • Half dissected, half reared

14. Percent Infestation of Boards by Bark Beetles Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 % 0 % Small patches 83 45 Large patches 67 55 All bark 67 67 4-inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches 50 75 Large patches 83 83 All bark 100 100

15. Bark Beetle Gallery Density (No. / m2) Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches 100 35 Large patches 50 100 All bark 87 120 4-inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches 133 308 Large patches 50 191 All bark 100 250

16. Percent of Boards with Bark Beetle Progeny Exit Holes Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 % 0 % Small patches 0 0 Large patches 0 0 All bark 17 0 4-inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches 0 0 Large patches 50 50 All bark 100 100

17. Percent Infestation of Boards by Cerambycids Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 % 0 % Small patches 58 64 Large patches 58 73 All bark 83 75 4-inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches 75 67 Large patches 92 75 All bark 100 92

18. Summary • Scolytids and cerambycids did infest boards with bark following HT. • Eggs were laid on both small (25 cm2) and large (100 cm2) bark patches. • Scolytids completed development under large bark patches (100 cm2) but not small bark patches (25 cm2). • Scolytids and cerambycids did not infest bark-free boards.

19. The NAPPO Forestry Panel met in Long Beach, CA, in early 2006 • Considering that the NAPPO members (Canada, Mexico, US) started to require ISPM-15 treated wood in 2006, they also agreed to collect data to answer these 2 questions: • What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that has the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from marked WP without bark? • What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the lumber used in the manufacture of WP? • No bark • < credit card • > credit card, but < piece of paper • > piece of paper

20. 2006 US National WPM Survey Six ports were selected for survey in 2006 Seattle, WA Detroit, MI Elizabeth, NJ Savannah, GA Long Beach, CA Laredo, TX

21. Long Beach, CA Busiest US port 4.5 million containers in 2005

22. Preliminary Results from Long Beach, CA What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from WP without bark? 2.6% of boards with bark had live insects 0.0% of boards without bark had live insects

23. Preliminary Results from Long Beach, CA What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from WP without bark? 2.6% of boards with bark had live insects 0.0% of boards without bark had live insects What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the lumber used in the manufacture of WP? 88.9 % no bark 11.1 had bark 71 % < credit card 24 > credit card, but < piece of paper 5 > piece of paper 2.6% x 11.1% = 0.3% WP had live insects under bark. This is similar to reports from Australia and EU: 0.5%

24. Thanks Questions?