1 / 22

ECON 100 Tutorial: Week 23

ECON 100 Tutorial: Week 23. www.lancaster.ac.uk/postgrad/alia10/ s.murphy5@lancaster.ac.uk office hours: 3:00PM to 4:00PM Monday LUMS C85. Exam 4 Next Week. 40 Multiple Choice Questions 28 from Gerry Steele Mostly theory and definitions, some problems

chico
Download Presentation

ECON 100 Tutorial: Week 23

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ECON 100 Tutorial: Week 23 www.lancaster.ac.uk/postgrad/alia10/ s.murphy5@lancaster.ac.uk office hours: 3:00PM to 4:00PM Monday LUMS C85

  2. Exam 4 Next Week • 40 Multiple Choice Questions • 28 from Gerry Steele • Mostly theory and definitions, some problems • Best ways to study: Review Lecture notes, tutorial questions, and past exam questions • 12 from David Peel • Math or mathematical applications of IS-LM and Consumption functions • Best ways to study: Review David Peel’s Lecture notes (on Moodle), practice Math questions

  3. Background Info for Question 1 What is a reserve requirement? When you deposit money at the bank, the bank only keeps a portion of that money in its vaults, the rest it can loan out to other customers. The portion it keeps is called the reserve. • The proportion of money a bank keeps as a reserve is often dictated by law. • Lowering reserve requirements can increase money supply – but can increase the probability that the bank will default.

  4. Background Info for Question 1 Some terms to know for Question 1: Cash on hand at banks = CB Cash on hand held by the public = CP Bank deposits = BD Bank Reserve Ratio = = There are 2 concepts for money used in this question: Narrow Money = Cash on hand at banks + Cash on hand by public C = CB + CP Broad money = Bank deposits + Cash on hand by public M = BD + CP

  5. Question 1 If the commercial banking sector holds 18% reserve assets (cash ≡ narrow money); if the general public holds cash to bank deposits in the ratio 1:8; and if the volume of narrow money (cash) is 100 units, what is the volume of broad money (that is, cash and bank deposits held by the general public) in circulation? In this problem, we are given the following information: • Cash on hand at Banks/Bank Deposits = CB/BD = 0.18 • Cash on hand byPublic/Bank Deposits = CP/BD = 1/8 = 0.125 • Narrow Money (C = CB + CP) = 100 We are asked to find M. We know M = CP + BD.

  6. Question 1 We are given: We know: • CB/BD = 0.18 Narrow Money = C = CB + CP • CP/BD = 0.125 Broad Money = M = CP + BD • 100 = CB + CP We have to find M, where M = CP + BD Step 1. Solve for CB and CP by rewriting 1 and 2 : CB = 0.18*BD CP = 0.125*BD Step 2. To solve for BD, plug CP and CB into the Narrow Money equation: 100 = CB + CP 100 = (0.18) BD + (0.125) BD 100 = (0.305) BD BD = 100/0.305 = 327.87 Step 4. We now have both CP and BD, so we can solve for M. M = 0.125*BD + BD M = 0.125*327.87 + 327.87 M = 368.85

  7. General Form Solution We just solved for M, given C and BD. Another way to solve for M give C, is to use the money multiplier: M = mC, where m is the money multiplier. From Question 1, we know that: the currency-deposit ratio (CDR) = CP/BD and the reserve ratio (RR) = CB/BD So, we could re-write the money multiplier as: In question 1, we could calculate the money multiplier because we have CP, CB, and BD. So then, we can multiply the money multiplier with C to find M.

  8. Question 2 Explain why the whole amount of narrow money is not included in the total amount of broad money. i.e. Why is C not included in the formula for Broad Money? Narrow money is money that is on hand, held by banks and the public: C ≡ CB + CP Broad money is cash held by the public plus money in bank deposits: M ≡ CP + BD Money deposited in the Bank is partially kept on hand at the bank (CB), and partially used for other activities such as making loans or purchasing assets (Non-Reserve Assets). If broad money were defined as cash plus bank deposits, C + BD, then there would be a double-counting of CB: C + BD = CB +CP + BD = CB +CP+ CB + Non-Reserve Assets = 2CB + CP + Non-Reserve Assets

  9. Question 3(a) Given the respective spot and forward prices below, calculate the annual ‘yield’ to producers of wheat and barley: Note: In this problem, annual yield refers to the percentage change between spot prices and one-year forward prices. % change = (final – initial)/initial = (1-year forward price – spot price)/spot price = (165 – 150) / 150 = 15/150 = 0.1 = 10% So the annual yield for wheat is 10%

  10. Question 3(a) Given the respective spot and forward prices below, calculate the annual ‘yield’ to producers of wheat and barley: Let’s do the same calculation for barley: % change = (1-year forward price – spot price)/spot price = (95 – 100) / 100 = -5/100 = -0.05 = -5% So the annual yield for barley is -5%

  11. Question 3(b) Given the respective spot and forward prices below, calculate the annual inter-temporal price ratios for wheat and barley respectively Inter-temporal price ratio = one-year forward price/spot price For wheat this is: 165/150 = 1.10 For barley this is: 95/100 = 0.95

  12. Question 3(c) Given the respective spot and forward prices below, How would you advise farmers in planting wheat and/or barley • Advise switching production from barley to wheat. • As farmers switch to wheat, the one-year forward price of wheat will go down (since supply will increase) • With resource transfers, there is a tendency for yields to equalize: • the Law of One Price

  13. Question 4(a) Which effects of an increase in investment expenditure are examined by a Keynesian macroeconomic model? • Investment is the “I” in AE = AD = C+I+G • Investment can be a function of interest rates • There can be a multiplier effect on total income from increasing investment

  14. Question 4(b) Which effects of an increase in investment expenditure are examined by a business entrepreneur? • Investment is often how new businesses are created and how innovation occurs. • Profits can only be made when investment allows business to function. • Keynes model may under-emphasize the key role of investment in entrepreneurship

  15. Question 5 To find the capitalized value (V) of an annuity, we use the following formula for the discounted present value of a stream of annuity payments for a fixed number of years: V = c[1 – (1 + r)-n]/ r V: capitalized value (discounted present value) of an annuity (or bond) c: yearly annuity payment (theCoupon Rate X the Redemption Value) r: discount rate n: number of years to maturity We also need to find the discounted present value of the redemption payment of the bond: V = b (1 + r)-n b: bond redemption value (what you get paid when the bond matures) So, adding these two parts together, our formula is: V = c[1 – (1 + r)-n] / r + b (1 + r)-n

  16. Question 5(a) Find the Capitalized value (V) of an annuity using the following formula: V = c[1 – (1 + r)-n] / r + b (1 + r)-n New bonds (with a redemption value of €1000) pay a coupon of 5 per cent over 40 years. Use a discount rate of 0.03 to obtain the current value of the bond. c: annuity payment: €1000 x 5% = €50 r: discount rate: 3% or 0.03 n: number of years to maturity: 40 years b: bond redemption value: €1000 Using these values, we can fill in the formula and solve for V: V = €50[1 – (1 + 0.03)-40] / 0.03 + €1000 (1 + 0.03)-40 V = €1462.30

  17. Question 5(b) Find the Capitalized value (V) of an annuity using the following formula: V = c[1 – (1 + r)-n] / r + b (1 + r)-n New bonds (with a redemption value of €1000) pay a coupon of 5 per cent over 40 years. Use a discount rate of 0.05to obtain the current value of the bond. c: annuity payment: €1000 x 5% = €50 r: discount rate: 5% or 0.05 n: number of years to maturity: 40 years b: bond redemption value: €1000 Using these values, we can fill in the formula: V = €50[1 – (1 + 0.05)-40] / 0.05 + €1000 (1 + 0.05)-40 = €1000 The interesting thing to note here, is that as the discount rate increased, the value of the bond actually decreased.

  18. Question 5(c) If the coupon value were doubled, would the bond price double? Let’s try it; using the values in Question 2(b), let’s double the coupon rate. c: annuity payment: €1000 x 10%= €100 r: discount rate: 5% or 0.05 n: number of years to maturity: 40 years b: bond redemption value: €1000 V = €100[1 – (1 + 0.05)-40] / 0.05 + €1000 (1 + 0.05)-40 V = €1857.95 Compared to the answer we had in 2(b), V = €1000. No, it does not double.

  19. Question 5(d) With interest rates anticipated to rise, how does this affect the bond price? If interest rates rise, reflecting a rise in the discount rate, the bond price (the present value of the bond) will fall. Comparing answers in 2(a) and 2(b), we can see that this occurs.

  20. Next week: What do you want to cover next week? The options are: Gerry’s tutorial worksheet questions (on Moodle) 2013 Past Exam multiple choice questions Week 25 tutorial: Past Exam essay question review

  21. Next Week All tutorials are back to regular schedule.

  22. Practice Past Exam QuestionsPlease Note: Solutions are not given to tutors for these questions. The solutions I’ve prepared are only suggestions only – I can’t guarantee they are correct.

More Related