Pharmacology Ch.2

1. Pharmacology Ch.2 FPP Ch. 4, PT Ch. 7 and 18

2. Routes of Administration • The method that the drug is introduced into the body for absorption and distribution. • Factors affecting the chosen route: -Age -Physical state of patient -Medical condition -Time for desired results -Reduction of side effects

3. Oral Administration • Most common route • Most medications are available as this route • Includes: tablets, capsules, caplets, liquids, emulsions. • Advantages of oral administration: • Readily available • Less Expense • Safe, convenient, easily stored • Available in immediate or extended release • Easy to use

4. Oral Administration Cont. • Disadvantages: -Limited ability to swallow i.e. unconscious, ventilated, or digestive issues • Take longer to provide effect • Limited age use • Enteric coated drugs can help prevent irritation and increase compliance. • Chewable tablets are more readily available to aid in age limitations • Buccal and Sublingual are formulations that decrease time needed for effectiveness.

6. Transdermals. • Medication administered across the skin • AKA “percutaneous” • Two types of patches: -patch that has a controlled rate of delivery to the skin and bloodstream -patch that is designed so the skin controls the rate of delivery • Examples: Ortho Evra, TransdermScop, Duragesic, Nicoderm.

7. Inhalations • Inhaled medications in a gas, liquid, or powder form, administered through the mouth directly to the lungs. • Most common condition: Asthma • Intranasal medications: inhaled through the nose. • Provides fast relief of symptoms, usually congestion • Nasal medications reach the bloodstream more quickly than oral route

8. Transderm and Inhalation

9. Rectal and Vaginal • Rectal administration is absorbed into the lower gastrointestinal tract • Can be solid, liquid, semisolid, aerosol. • Inserted into the vagina for absorption and distribution • Dosage forms include solutions, suppositories, tablets, creams, ointments

10. Parenterals • Four injection routes: subsutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal • Quick absorption and distribution, rate of delivery can be fast also • Disadvantage: fear, infection at injection site, and sometimes time consuming • Dosage forms: suspensions, solutions, and emulsions

11. Parenterals cont. • Subcutaneous- AKA hypodermic injection, injected under the skin • Intravenous- most common, injection into the vein • Intramuscular- injection into the muscle, slower absorption than IV • Others: implant(under the skin), intra-arterial, intraarticular, intracardiac, intraderaml, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraventricular, intraventricular, intravesicular, intravitreous, intrathecal

12. Topicals • Applications are administered externally • Used to cool, soothe, dry, cleanse, disinfect, and protect the skin • Dosage forms: ointments, creams, lotions and emulsions

13. Otic/Ophthalmic • Otic: administered into the ear canal • Usually to treat infection, inflammation, and wax build-up. Either a solution or suspension • Ophthalmic: administered into the eye • Dosage forms: solution, suspension, ointment, gel • Quicker relief of symptoms then oral medications

14. Drugs Classification • Based on: -Chemical ingredients -method drug is used -the organ treated • Two major groupings: -Therapeutic Usefulness -Pharmacologically

15. Classifications and Subclassifications • Analgesic -narcotic -nonnarcotic -antirheumatic • Antiinfectives -antifungals -antivirals -cephalosporins -macrolides -penicillins • Antineoplastics • Cardiovascular -antihypertensives -anithyperlipidemic -beta blocker -calcium channel blocker -diurectics -ACE inhibitors • Central Nervous System -antianxiety -antidepressant -antipsychotic -stimulants -hypnotics

16. Class continued. • Endocrine -androgen -anabolic -corticosteroids -estrogens -progestins -thyroid • Gastrointestinals -antidiarrheals -antimetics -laxatives • Hematological -anticoagulants -hemostatics • Neuromuscular -anticonvulsant -skeletal muscle relaxants • Respiratory -antihistamines -antiasthmatics -decongestants

17. Pregnancy Categories • Pregnancy categories are determined based in the potential risk of harm to the unborn fetus.

18. Drug Names • Generic is written in lowercase letters and describes the active ingredient • Brand/Trade is capitalized and is the name given by the pharmaceutical company that developed the drug.