Example of layout #1. Pennsylvania #2. Albany, NY

1. 2 1 Example of layout #1. Pennsylvania #2. Albany, NY

2. The New Frontier &The Great Society John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson

3. Brainstorm • Who were the candidates in the 1960 election? • What were the two major issues in 1960? • How did the election of 1960 change politics?

4. The Election of 1960 • New Politics—Television Debates/Campaigns • Millions spent campaigning and 4 TV Debates • (Democrats $6 Million; Republicans $7.5 Million) • Kennedy: Catholic, Wealthy & Influential Family • Nixon: Quaker, Former VP • Both focused on economy and were “Cold Warriors” that would stop the forces of Communism • Kennedy: “Missile Gap” with US behind Soviets • Nixon: Democrat policies would boost inflation

5. A Close Call…but Kennedy Wins

6. John Fitzgerald Kennedy • Asked for citizens to take active role in nation: • “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.” • New Frontier • Kennedy’s Progressive Legislative Agenda • Increase aid to education, provide health insurance to elderly, create Department of Urban Affairs

7. The New Frontier’s Difficulties • Democratic Party led House and Senate • One would think JFK could get laws passed as a Dem • However, many Democrats liked Nixon and JFK did little on the campaign trail for fellow party members • Southern Democrats disliked New Frontier’s cost and defeated many proposals

8. Kennedy’s Successes • Economic Gains by Deficit Spending • Defense and Space Exploration • Area Redevelopment Act and Housing Act created jobs and helped build low-income housing in poor areas • Business Practices • Businesses keep prices low • Labor leaders and unions reduce demands for wages • US Steel companies raised prices—Kennedy threatens to use cheap foreign steel and prices lower • Secondary effect: distrust of JFK by businesses • Raised minimum wage

9. Kennedy’s Setbacks • Tax cuts rejected • Lower taxes will allow companies to expand and all will benefit • “A rising tide lifts all boats” • Fears of inflation • Health Insurance for Seniors voted down • Federal Aid for Education never passed

10. Women’s Rights • 1961: Presidential Commission on the Status of Women • Federal action against gender discrimination • Right of equally paid employment • 1963: Equal Pay Act signed • Women in JFK administration • Esther Peterson (Assistant Secretary of Labor and director of Women’s Bureau of Department of Labor)

11. Rights of Disabled Americans • 1961: President’s Panel on Mental Retardation • Funding of Research into developmental disabilities • Educational and Vocational Programs • Residential Treatment Centers • Grants for prenatal care for low-income mothers • 1963: Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act • Construction of research centers, funds for training personnel, grants for building mental health centers

12. Camp Shriver and the Special Olympics • 1962: Eunice Kennedy Shriver, JFK’s sister, opened a day camp for children with developmental disabilities • Gave people with disabilities a chance to be physically competitive and active • Grew into the Special Olympics program • 1968: First Special Olympics Games held in Chicago

13. JFK and the Cold War

14. Brainstorming Activity • What did Kennedy do to stop the spread of communism? • What were some examples of crises during the Cold War?

15. Containing Communism • Concern #1: The Soviet Union and Communism • Military Flexibility • Buildup of Troops & Conventional Weaponry; Less dependence on nukes; Special Forces) • Economic Aid to Latin America • Alliance for Progress: $20 billion to establish schools, housing, health care, and fairer land distribution • Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Central America reformed • Creation of the Peace Corps • Help fight poverty in less developed nations • 2 year stints for volunteers • Examples: Sewage systems, Medical Technology, Roadways, Teach English, etc.

16. The Space Race • Soviets won race with Sputnik in 1957 • Yuri Gagarin became first person to orbit space in 1961 (Soviets beat US again) • Kennedy: “this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon”

17. The US in Space • 1962: John Glenn orbits Earth • 1965: Apollo orbits Earth • Used Saturn V—most powerful rocket • July 20, 1969: Moon Landing • Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, Michael Collins • “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”

18. Crises of the Cold War • Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961) • Berlin Wall Goes Up (June 1961) • Cuban Missile Crisis (Summer of 1962) • Death of JFK (November 22, 1963)

19. Bay of Pigs • 1959: Castro overthrows Batista and reforms Cuba • Eisenhower feared use of Cuba as a base for communism—planned attack • La Brigada: Cuban exiles trained by CIA to invade • Kennedy approves plan • April 17, 1961: La Brigada invades • Complete disaster—boats in coral reefs, air support cancelled, almost 1400 exiled Cubans killed/captured

20. Berlin Wall • Khrushchev upset with Germans fleeing to West Germany • Wants US, British, and France to withdraw from Berlin • Kennedy refuses • Khrushchev responds with wall and guards willing to shoot and kill those trying to escape to capitalistic West Germany

21. Cuban Missile Crisis • Summer of 1962: US learns Soviets building military base in Cuba • October 22: Kennedy announces to public that spy planes show USSR has long-range missile in Cuba • Kennedy orders naval blockade of Cuba to stop delivery of more missiles, demanded missile sites to be dismantled, and warned US would respond if attacked

23. Cuban Missile Crisis (continued) • USSR offers deal: promise not to invade Cuba and remove Turkish weapon site in return for missiles being removed from Cuba • Results of Crisis • Treaty on Nuclear Testing—Not in Atmosphere • Khrushchev looks weak for retreating from Cuba • Khrushchev loses power in one year • USSR show military inferiority and starts arms races

24. Warren Court Reforms Activity

25. Review Why was the election of 1960 important in regards to politics? Why was Cuba important during the 1960s? What were some of the big Supreme Court cases under Earl Warren?

27. Brainstorming Activity • Who is Lyndon B. Johnson? • What did the Great Society focus on?

28. Lyndon B. Johnson & The Great Society United States History

29. JFK is assassinated • November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas • Lee Harvey Oswald: man accused of killing JFK • Shot to death two days later while in police custody by Jack Ruby • Warren Commission (1964): Report looking into JFK assassination • Headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren • Finding: Oswald was the lone assassin

30. Lyndon B. Johnson • Vice President to JFK • From the “hill country” of Texas; much different style than Kennedy • Known for making things happen by bargaining or finding a consensus • Believed the US should continue Kennedy’s policies • Began a crusade on poverty in America • 50 million people in poverty according to Harrington’s The Other America • Mostly in slums, Appalachia, the Deep South, and Native American Reservations

31. Election of 1964

32. Focus of Great Society • War on Poverty • Civil Rights • Health care • Education • Consumer and Environmental Protections

33. The Great Society’s Programs

34. Review/Brainstorm Review • What were some of the Great Society’s programs? • How did Lyndon B. Johnson gain support after the JFK assassination? Brainstorm • What was the Civil Rights Movement? • Who are some notable people involved? • What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

35. Civil Rights Movement Montgomery Bus Boycott

36. Overview • “Separate but Equal” Doctrine (Plessy v. Ferguson) • Rosa Parks • Montgomery Bus Boycott

37. Group Activity • Please get into the following groups:

38. Activity Procedure • For today’s class, we will be looking at the Montgomery Bus Boycott through a series of documents. • You will be expected to discuss as a group what the significance of these documents are and will be required to answer a series of follow-up questions towards the end of class.

39. Documents • Pg. 1: Montgomery City Code • Pg. 2: News Recap of Conference to Stop Boycott • Pg. 3: List of African-American Needs (according to Montgomery citizens) • Pg. 4: Editorial Regarding Overturning Plessy v. Ferguson • Pg. 5: Integrated Bus Suggestions by African-American population

40. Questions to Consider (Discussed) • Pg. 1: What is the significance of this code? What does it really mean? • Pg. 2: What did the African-American community request? Were these requests reasonable? Why or why not? • Pg. 3: How does the separate but equal doctrine get questioned by the African-American population? (Give Examples) • Pg. 4: How do you feel about the editorial? Would you expect the writer to be an African-American? Why or why not? • Pg. 5: What do you think about the suggestions? Give your opinion on at least three.