Presentation Transcript

1. Welcome to Psychology

2. 1.1 Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as well as our relationships with others. Definition of Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
3. 4 Goals of Psychology: (yes, write these down they will be on the test also located on pg. 10 in your text, if your text is not open then you need to be opening it now) 1. Description 2. Explanation 3. Prediction 4. Influence
4. 1. Description Learning about psychology can help you gain… a better understanding of your own behavior. knowledge about how psychologists study human and animal behavior. practical applications for enriching your life. fotosearch.com Example: The child throws a fit every time he goes to Wal-Mart and his mom says no by the candy aisle.
5. 2. Explanation Psychology is Empiricalthat means information is obtained through observation and experimentation not common sense or guessing. moisiadis.com
6. By accumulating knowledge we are able to predict what people or animals will do or think in certain situations and predict future behaviors. 3. Prediction
7. 4. Influence Scientist seek to influence behavior in helpful ways. knychfamily.blogspot.com Chains like Wal-mart have done these scientific observations and place candy as you check out because when your kid is screaming sometimes it is easier to just buy the candy bar.
8. There are two types of science that influences psychology.
9. Last point: Psychology is a behavioral science. Psychologists rely on the scientific method to obtain their data.
10. Pseudoscience Greek for “False Science” Examples: Horoscopes, Astrology, Phrenology 24medialabs.com scienceandsociety.emory.edu
11. Chapter 1.2: History of Psychology Aristotle (384-322 BCE.) Started asking how the mind and the body were related?? Were the separate or related?? Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? en.wikipedia.org The Greeks
12. Rene Descartes “I think therefore I am” Pioneer philosopher. He was brilliant. Descartes also made great strides in geometry. Great scientific mind, was asked and asked again by the Queen Christinia of Sweden to come teach her philosophy. He forcibly went and caught ammonia while waiting for her and died. plato.stanford.edu
13. Dualism: the concept of the mind and body are separate and distinct. Descartes held that, unlike humans, animals could be reductively explained as automata – De homines 1622) Rene Descartes' Illustration of inputs passed on by the sensory organs to the epiphysis in the brain and from there to the immaterial spirit.
14. Dualism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEr8hnvzeHU
15. Foundations of Modern Psychology Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of natural selection (1859) physical characteristics evolve through natural selection behavioral patterns also influence selection inborn knowledge and behavioral tendencies with survival value are passed on Human beings are part of nature and can be understood through the methods of science
16. Foundations of Modern Psychology Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry 19th century developments in physiology demonstrated the approach to use based on scientific methods, controlled laboratory experiments influential beliefs from early physiology reflexology - all human behaviors occur through reflexes localization of function - specific structures of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experiences and behavior
17. Okay Psychology is going to go through a transition. It actually goes through several transitions to brace for the ride. (Epcot)
18. Who’s Your Daddy??? Wilhelm Wundt is the father of Psychology 3 Things you need to remember about your daddy: 1. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Germany. 2. Changed psychology from a philosophy to a science. 3. Studied introspection. Introspection means looking within yourself. How do you feel about this or that. How does that rose make you feel?
19. G. Stanley Hall (1844 - 1924) American student of Wundt. Created the field of Child Psychology Founded the American Psychological Association While at Clark University, Hall organized a conference in 1909 for 175 people, 40 of which were American Psychologists. Among the attending psychologists were Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung,
20. Structuralism vs. Broke down consciousness to basic thoughts. Introspection - self-observation of one’s own conscious experiences Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure Leaned toward applied work (natural surroundings) Environment William James (1842-1910)
21. William James What you have two daddies? Yes, one is your American Daddy. Known as the Father of American Psychology. You also need to know he wrote the 1st Psychology Book. Belonged to the Functionalism movement and disagreed with Wundt.
22. Other Pioneers Edward Titchener(1867-1927) Wundt’s student, professor at Cornell University William James (1842-1910) started psychology at Harvard in 1870s opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach functionalism - influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician that focused on illness psychoanalytic theory of mental disorders
23. Phrenology Phrenology led scientists to study the bumps on the head to determine human behavior Phrenology is considered a pseudoscience (False Science) sparkmuseum.com
24. Inherited Traits Sir Francis Galton said that heredity influences a person’s abilities, character, and behavior. For example, if your parents are mentally challenged then you should be sterilized so that you don’t have mentally challenged children. indyweek.com His cousin was Charles Darwin, began eugenics movement.
25. Gestalt Psychology “The whole is different than the sum of its parts.” Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) alexbinetti.wordpress.com
26. What is it?? We like to fill in the gaps so that we see objects as wholes.
27. New TransitionContemporary Approaches:These are the ones we will use the rest of the semester!! Yes write them down!!!In fact put the list under your pillow at night so that you can dream about them and then unconsciously you will remember them. This is also how the book is broken up into. Pg. 18
28. Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Perspectives A lot depends on your viewpoint You have 6 to remember: Psychoanalysis Cognitive Behaviorial Biological Socio-cultural Humanistic On your test you will have to write a Paragraph about each one and include a founding father.
29. Psychoanalytic Psychologypg. 18 Study of unconscious motives and conflicts that determine behavior. Freud used the technique called free association He would say a word and you would say the first word that popped in your head and he would then analysis what is going on in your unconscious.
30. Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis NOT psychology!!!! Unconscious expressed in dreams & “slips of the tongue”
31. CARL JUNG   1875 – 1961 Student of Freud Complexes The importance of religion Personality Types: Thinker Feeler Sensor Intuitor
32. Cognitive Approach Cognition is the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing & using information Cognitive Psychologists return to the study of learning, memory, perception, language, development & problem solvingExample: Is your boyfriend dumping you traumatic or do you just think it is therefore you are depressed? Or..your ability to do math compared to a 5 year old. You can understand abstract thinking that goes along with statistics. child-development-guide.com sciencedaily.com
33. Cognitive Approach
34. JEAN PIAGET 1896 – 1980 Worked in France administering Binet’s IQ test. Children do not think like adults. Why? Created 4 stages of cognitive ability that accurately explain the behavior of children. Influenced teachers and school system.
35. LAWRENCE KOHLBERG1927-1987 Built on the work of Piaget to create a theory of moral development. Used moral dilemmas to analyze the moral level of children and adults.
36. Howard Gardner(July 11, 1943 - )American Psychologist and Educator There are 8 different types of intelligence, each as important as the other. Michael Jordan Einstein Mozart Ronald Reagan?
37. ERIK ERIKSON 1902 – 1994 Our personality is formed as we resolve 8 social crises in our lives. Examples: learning trust, intimacy, and industry Created the idea of an identity crisis First psychologist to take a life-span approach to psychology.
38. Alfred Binet(July 8, 1857- October 18, 1911)French Psychologist He was employed by French school system to create a way of determining which students needed more help academically. Developed the first IQ test. Cognitive Psychology- How humans think and solve problems.
39. Albert Ellis 1913 - Created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Humans create their own depression by how they cognitively deal with situations. Is it OK to fail? Treatment involves challenging the irrational thoughts the patient has. INTROSPECTION is required
40. Elizabeth F. Loftus (1944 - ) The most horrifying idea is that what we believe with all our hearts is not necessarily the truth.(Loftus, 1996, Memory is malleable and easily altered.
41. Biological Approach Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. Sample Issues Depression and antidepressants. Problems with thyroids. How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
42. Behavioral Approach Scientific Psychology should focus on observable behavior. John Watson (1878-1958) If you do a trick I will give you a treat. B.F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov
43. DR. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936) Begins the school of Behaviorism through his work with dogs and digestion. All behavior is the result of external stimuli. Free will and decision making is ignored.
44. John B. Watson(1878 - 1958) The “Father of Behaviorism” To be a true science, psychology must study only observable behaviors. Human emotions are learned through conditioning. Little Albert Demonstration
45. B. F. SKINNER 1904 – 1990 Operant Conditioning- Organisms learn behavior through the consequences of that behavior. Reinforcement vs. Punishment Shaping-learning complex behaviors through learning small steps of that behavior.
46. Social-Cultural Approach Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. Sample Issues How are we, as members of different races and nationalities, alike as members of one human family? How do we differ, as products of different social contexts? Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than when alone?
47. Socio-Cultural Psychologists Include… Albert Bandura Stanley Milgram
48. Humanistic Approach Founders: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Emphasizes how each person is unique and has a self-concept and potential to develop fully. This potential for personal growth and development can lead to a more satisfying life.
49. Women of Psychology Mary Calkins- student of William James at Harvard but was not awarded a Ph.D. Founded psych lab at Wellesley College (1891) Maragaret Washburn- first woman to receive Ph.D. in Psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind, which helped begin the Behaviorist movement. LetaHollingworth- Debunked popular theories that suggested women were inferior to men. Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation & “gifted” children.
50. What Causes Behavior? Behavior
51. Elementary/ Secondary Schools 4.2% Universities & Colleges 27.2% Independent Practice 33.1% Hospitals, Counseling, Clinics, etc. 22.3% Business, Government or Consulting 12.1% Work In Psychology (?)
52. The Profession of Psychology American Psychological Association had 52 divisions in 1998 Some represent areas of training and specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical) Some are applied (i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law)
53. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Biological and Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Clinical abnormal behavior and psychological disorders psychologist vs. psychiatrist Health psychology psychological factors in physical health Counseling dealing with normal life situations provide guidance
54. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Biological and Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Developmental psychological change over the life span social, cognitive, personality School counseling and guidance in school settings Educational learning and teaching
55. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Biological and Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Psychobiology brain and behavior studied at many levels often uses animals as research model Experimental basic laboratory focus animals or humans learning, memory, motivation Cognitive experimental human memory, perception, etc.
56. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Biological and Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Social social influences on cognition and emotion attitudes and beliefs Personality individual differences perception by others Industrial/organizational people and work job satisfaction training and selection
57. Employment Settings of Psychologists Business & Industry Private Practice School Universities & College Government Professional Work Settings Colleges and universities Clinical settings Elementary and secondary schools Business Government
58. Specialties In Psychology General/Quantitative 3.6% Cognitive 5.2% Clinical, Community & Counseling 51.1% I/O 5.7% Social/ Developmental 6.4% Other 8.6% Ed & School 19.4%