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Explore the contrasting urban and rural lifestyles of the 1920s, the impact of Prohibition, the emergence of flappers challenging societal norms, and the science vs. religion debate. Understand how urbanization clashed with rural values and how women's roles evolved during this dynamic era.
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To understand such issues as Prohibition, the changing role of women, and the influence of the Harlem Renaissance Chapter 13: The Roaring Life of the 1920s
Journal • What differences exist today between urban and rural lifestyles?
Rural and Urban Differences • 1922-1929 – 2 million people left the farm for the city every year • Big cities: New York City (5.6 million), Chicago (3 million), Philadelphia (2 million)
Rural and Urban Differences • Cities • Competition • Change • More reading • Discussions about science and social ideas • Various backgrounds • Drinking, causal dating, gambling • Farms • Slow paced • Lived close to family and friends • Strict morals
Prohibition • 18th Amendment – manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol is illegal • Rural South and West, Protestants, Women’s Christian Temperance Union • After WWI Americans were tired of making sacrifices • Volstead Act established a Prohibition Bureau to enforce the law -> underfunded -> difficult to monitor all the roads and coastline
Speakeasies Underground/hidden saloons
Bootleggers • People who smuggled alcohol into the U.S.
Organized Crime • Chicago’s Al Capone was in control of 10,000 speakeasies • $60 million a year • 1933 – 21st Amendment repeals Prohibition
Video Clips • http://www.history.com/topics/al-capone/videos#st-valentines-day-massacre • The Untouchables
Journal • Should America continue to promote fascination with Capone through museums, memorabilia, and tours of gangland sites?
Science and Religion Clash • Fundamentalism – Protestant movement based on a literal interpretation of the Bible • All stories in the Bible are true • Reject theory of evolution = Charles Darwin’s theory that plant and animal species have changed over millions of years • Evolution from apes vs. Bible creationism Wanted laws to prohibit the teaching of evolution
The Scopes Trial • March 1925 Tennessee passes law outlawing the teaching of evolution • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defends John T. Scopes, a young biology public school teacher who tells students humans have evolved • Clarence Darrow defends Scopes • William Jennings Bryan prosecutes • Scopes is found guilty and law stays in effect
Now and Then • 1999 – Kansas State School Board votes to eliminate the teaching of evolution • Supreme Court says evolution must only be taught as scientific fact + creationism may not be taught as scientific fact (in public schools)
Assignment • 1. Issue -> Legislation -> Outcome • Issue = prohibition (illegal to sell or manufacture) • Issue = teaching evolution • 2. Explain how urbanization created a new way of life that often clashed with the values of traditional rural society. • 3. Describe the controversy over the role of science and religion in American education and society in the 1920s.
Young Women Change the Rules • A rebellious, pleasure-loving atmosphere of the 1920s • Many young woman began to show their desire for independence • 19th Amendment – women suffrage • Challenge tradition • Flapper = a free young woman who embraced the new fashions and current urban attitudes • Shorter dresses, smoked cigarettes, talked about sex, danced • Marriage = equal partnership with women taking care of the house
Dancing • Fox trot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, shimmy, dance marathon, • Shimmy video clip
Journal • How were flappers like and unlike women of today? • How do your fashions and leisure activities set you apart from your parent’s generation or an older generation?
Young Woman Change the Rules • The flapper was more of an image of rebellious young women • Many young women were still influenced by tradition and their church • Causal dating after WWI became more accepted • The Double Standard = a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women • Stricter standards for women
Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work • How were women freed from some household chores?
Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work • Big business and industry produced time saving appliances and business growth also created jobs for millions of women
Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work • Women worked successfully during the war but were replaced by men when it ended • They took “women’s professions” = teachers, nurses, librarians • Big business needed typists, clerics, filing, assembly line workers • Few became managers • Earned less than men • Men felt women should stay at home (job competition)
The Changing Family • Birthrate declined • Margaret Sanger opens birth control clinic (1916) • Women had more time for children and reading • Marriages were based more on romance • Children were in school and participating in more activities • More social time, peer pressure, rebellious children
Assignment • 1. How do you think women’s lives changed most dramatically in the 1920s? • Think about families and jobs. • 2. Do you think that some women of this decade made real progress towards equality? • Think about double standard, the flapper’s style and image, changing views of marriage
Schools and the Mass Media Shape Culture • 1914 = 1 million American students in high school -> college-bound • 1926 = 4 million -> college-bound and vocational training • Before WWI – a million immigrants a year come to America
Expanding News Coverage • Literacy increased • Newspapers printed sensational stories
Radio • By 1930 – 40 percent of American households had radios • News and sporting events
America Chases New Heroes • More money + more leisure time = money for entertainment
Charles Lindberg • First non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic
Entertainment and the Arts • “Talkies” doubled the movie attendance • The Jazz Singer 1927 • Disney’s Steamboat Willie 1928 • Video clip • Georgia O’Keeffe
Writers of the 1920s • Sinclair Lewis • F. Scott Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby • “Jazz Age” • Edna St. Vincent Millay • Ernest Hemmingway • The Sun Also Rises • A Farewell to Arms • Many denounced war • Addressed political and social topics • Negative side of the freedom of the 1920s
Section 4: The Harlem Renaissance • African American ideas, politics, art, literature, and music flourished in Harlem and other black neighborhoods
African American Voices in the 1920s • Great Migration – African Americans from the South migrate to northern cities • 25 urban race riots in 1919 • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) leads protests in NYC against racial violence • Led by W.E.B. Dubois • James Weldon Johnson fights for anti-lynching laws
Marcus Garvey • Even with the NAACP, many African Americans faced daily threats and discrimination • Marcus Garvey, Jamaican immigrant, believed African Americans should build a separate society • Spreads a radical message of black pride • 1914 – Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Marcus Garvey • 1918 – moves the UNIA to NYC and opens offices in Harlem
Marcus Garvey • Promotes African American businesses • Encouraged his followers to return to Africa, help native people throw out white colonial oppressors, and build a mighty nation • Massive support initially from blacks in the U.S., Caribbean, and Africa • Support declined in the mid 1920s when he was convicted of mail fraud • Powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence, and admiration for Africa
Questions • 1. Who was Marcus Garvey? • 2. What were the strengths of his movement? • 3. What happened to Garvey and the UNIA? • 4. What questions do you have about Garvey and the UNIA?
Documents • Source • When was it written? Whose perspective? Is it trustworthy? • Contextualize • What was happening for African Americans in 1919/1920? Why was Garvey so popular?
Guiding Question • Why was Marcus Garvey a controversial figure?
The Harlem Renaissance • A literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture • Harlem was the capital of black America in the 1920s
African American Writers • Resist prejudice/discrimination • The struggle of living in the black ghetto • Take pride in surviving slavery through creativity
African American Performers Paul Robeson performed In front of large white audiences in NYC
African Americans and Jazz • Jazz was born in the early 20th century in New Orleans -> musicians blended instrumental ragtime with vocal blues • Spread to large cities • Most popular music for dancing • Played at exotic nightclubs like the Cotton Club • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKwu165KS5Y
The Cotton Club • 1. Describe the atmosphere of the Cotton Club. • 2. Who owned the club? • 3. Where was it located? • 4. What did people do at the Cotton Club? • 5. Describe how black and white people interacted there.