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IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11. 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks Bruce Kraemer Chair 802.11 bkraemer@ieee.org V09. Disclaimer….

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IEEE 802.11

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  1. IEEE 802.11 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks Bruce Kraemer Chair 802.11 bkraemer@ieee.org V09

  2. Disclaimer… “At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE.” IEEE-SA Standards Board Operation Manual (subclause 5.9.3) 2 18-Nov-14

  3. Introduction and Agenda • Presentation • Context • History • Market • Science Challenges • Standard Baseline • Extensions • Further Information • Amendment Project details • References 3 18-Nov-14

  4. Workshop Presentations • http://ieee802.org/minutes/2011-March/802%20workshop/index.shtml March 2011 IEEE 802 Workshop Presentations 802.1 802.3 802.11 802.15 802.16 802.17 802.18 802.19 802.20 802.21 802.22 802.23 Overview of 802 rules

  5. Context

  6. IEEE 802 Organization IEEE Standards Association Standards Activities Board Sponsor IEEE 802 Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LMSC) Sponsor Sponsor Sponsor 802.3 CSMA/CD Ethernet 802.5 Token Passing Ring 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks 802.11 Wireless WLAN 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring 802.19 Co-existence TAG 802.21 Media Independent Handoff 802.16 Broadband Wireless Broadband Access 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access IEEE 802.11: ~500 Participants Voting Members ~300 www.ieee802.org/11

  7. History

  8. Activity History Feb 14, 1876: Bell files telephone patent June 1897: Marconi work- “Signaling through Space without Wires” 1970: ALOHAnet operational (Abramson, 9600 baud) 1976: Metcalf & Boggs: “Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching for Local Computer Networks” 1980: Project 802 formed (1 Mbps initially, revised to 20 Mbps 1982) (Feb 1980 , 125+ attendees) 1980: Ethernet Bluebook published (September , Digital. Intel, Xerox) 1981: FCC issues NOI for unlicensed spectrum 1983: First version of 802.3 10Base5 spec completed 1985: FCC opens ISM Band- spread spectrum allowed 1985: First version of 802.3 published (10 Mbps) 1987: Project 802.4L – Wireless Token Bus begins 1990: IEEE 802 drops 802.4L starts 802.11 project 1990: 802.3 10BASE-T (802.3i) released 1997: IEEE 802.11 standard approved (2.4GHz – 1Mbps) 1999: Apple IBook introduced with integrated 802.11 (AirPort) 18-Nov-14

  9. Activity History 1997: IEEE 802.11 standard approved (2.4GHz – 1Mbps) 1998: UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) Band - 5 GHz 1999: IEEE 802.11 standard achieved ISO/IEC approval 1999: IEEE 802.11a (5GHz – 54Mbps) - approved IEEE 802.11b (2.4GHz- 11Mbps)- approved 1999: Formation of WECA (now Wi-Fi Alliance) 2001: IEEE 802.11d Regulatory Domains - approved 2003: IEEE 802.11g (Higher rate 2.4GHz PHY) – approved IEEE 802.11i (Security) - approved IEEE 802.11h (Spectrum Mgmt) - approved IEEE 802.11f (interaccess point protocol) – approved 2005: IEEE 802.11e (MAC enhancements – QoS) – approved

  10. Market Acceptance

  11. Market Size and Trends 2 million Units per day • Market size & segment diversity continues to increase 900 800 700 600 1 million Units per day 500 400 Devices (million) 300 200 Enterprise APs Home/SOHO 100 CE Phones 0 PCs 2006 2010 Source: In-Stat 11 18-Nov-14

  12. Wi-Fi Alliance • Founded 1999 • 400 member companies The Wi-Fi Alliance provides: • Interoperability certification programs • Over 9000 products certified • Market messaging http://www.wi-fi.org/

  13. Wi-Fi Hotspot Public Access 517,242 hot spots in 144 countries Source: JiWire http://v4.jiwire.com/search-hotspot-locations.htm 87% of US hotels offer Wi-Fi Source: American Hotel & Lodging Assn

  14. Science Challenge

  15. Air is a Poor Substitute for Wire or Fiber Large Scale fading Attenuation (distance, obstructions) Delay Small scale fading Multipath (Reflections) Doppler Frequency selective fading Regulated & Shared Regulatory considerations –by region Interference 15 18-Nov-14

  16. Wireless Constraints Shannon-Hartley C= channel capacity (bits/sec) BW= channel bandwidth (Hz) S = Signal N = Noise watts (not dB) C = BW x log2 1+S N Friis path loss 1 GtxGrx c2 Prx = Ptx x s Nf (4pd)2 fc2

  17. Standard Baseline

  18. The 802 LAN Architecture OSI reference model End station End station Application (Higher Layers) (Higher Layers) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Presentation Session LLC sublayer Transport MAC Bridge Network MAC service user Link LLC LLC RELAY MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC serviceprovider MAC sublayer Physical Phy Phy Phy Phy Physical layer LAN LAN Medium

  19. 802.11 Project Scope

  20. Basic Access Method - Protocol Behavior • The 802.11 family uses a MAC layer known as CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) • Ethernet uses CSMA/CD - collision detection). Concept • Listen on the channel. • If the channel is quiet (no active transmitters) - send a packet. • If channel is occupied- wait longer (exponential backoff) • 20 micro sec for DS systems. • If the channel is still idle at the end of the CONTENTION period the node transmits its packet otherwise it repeats the waiting process

  21. Distributed Control Function Interframe SpaceDIFS • DIFS = SIFS + (2 * Slot time)

  22. Basic Service Protocol - Listen Before Talk1Mbps example Listen Talk Listen Talk Listen Talk Listen Talk 1500 Byte User DATA PPDU 1500 Byte User DATA PPDU 12192 ms 12192 ms DIFS (listen) DIFS (listen) 50 ms 50 ms ACK PPDU ACK PPDU SIFS SIFS 10 ms 304 ms 10 ms 304 ms D = DCF Inter Frame Space (DIFS) S = Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS)

  23. Standard Extensions (Amendments)

  24. Technology Solutions PHY Bandwidth Modulation Multiple Streams , Multiple Antennas Forward Error coding MAC Media access efficiency Quality of Service Network measurement & Management Security 24 18-Nov-14

  25. Summary of Major PHY Projects A - 20 MHz BW, 5GHz B - 20 MHz BW, 2.4 GHz G - 20 & 40 MHz BW, 2.4 GHz N - 20 & 40 MHz BW, 2.4 & 5GHz AC – 20 to 160 MHz BW, 5GHz AD – 2 GHz BW, 60 GHz AF – TV White Space Spectrum AH – Unlicensed spectrum below 1 Gz Completed Underway

  26. PHY Project Sequence 100 Gbps 10 year yardstick 10 Gbps ad ac 1 Gbps 802.3 milestones n 100 Mbps a g 10 Mbps b 802.11 milestones Original 1 Mbps 100 Kbps 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15

  27. 802.11 Architecture Overview • Multiple Over the Air PHY options • One common MAC af ah a b g n ac ad 802.11 MAC

  28. Summary of Major MAC Projects D – Country information E - QoS F – Inter AP communication H – DFS,TPC Spectrum sharing with radars in 5GHz J – Japan spectrum @ 4.9 GHz K – Radio Measurement P – Vehicular Environments R – Fast roaming S – MESH Networking U – Inter-Networking V – Network Management W – Secure Management Frames Z – Tunneled Direct Link AA – Video Transport AE – QoS for Management Frames AI – Fast Initial Link Setup

  29. Overview of Project Objectives PHY (.11, a, b, g, j, n, p, y, ac, ad, af, ah) • Change data rate options • Change spectrum MAC • Security (i, w) • Measurement and Management (k, v) • Flow control and QoS (e, aa, ae) • Time required to establish connection (p, r, ai) • Spectral Efficiency • Regulatory behavior (d, h) • Radio node connection topology (s, z) • Connection with other networks (u)

  30. IEEE 802.11 Standards Pipeline 802.11z TDLS 802.11s Mesh 802.11 -2007 802.11r Fast Roam MAC e QoS 802.11u WIEN 802.11k RRM h DFS & TPC 802.11V Network Management 802.11aa Video Transport 802.11Y Contention Based Protocol i Security 802.11ai FILS f Inter AP Smart Grid 802.11ae QoS Mgmt Frm 802.11p WAVE 802.11mb Revision 802.11 ah a 54 Mbps 5GHz 802.11n High Throughput (>100 Mbps) 802.11af TVWS g 54 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ac VHT 5GHz 802.11W Management Frame Security 802.11b (’99) 11 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ad VHT 60GHz PHY Published Amendment Discussion Topics Study groups WG Letter Ballot Sponsor Ballot TG without draft Published Standard

  31. Standard Documents

  32. Standard Revision Process 802.11-1999 528 pages Amendments • a • b • d • e • g • h • i • j 802.11-2007 1220 pages

  33. Standard Revision Process - underway 802.11-2007 1220 pages Amendments • k (223 p) • n (560 p) D11.0 • p ( 45 p)D11.0 • r (116 p) • y ( 84 p) D11.0 • w (114 p) D10.0 • v (428 p) D16.0 802.11-revision D7.02 2608 pages

  34. Standard Revision Process - underway 802.11-revision D7.02 2608 pages Amendments • u (218 p) D13.0 • s (361 p) D9.0 802.11-2012 ~3000 pages

  35. Standard Revision Process 802.11-2012 ~3000 pages Amendments • aa (126 p) D3.0 • ac (193 p) D0.1 • ad (406 p) D1.1 • ae ( 49 p) D2.0 • af ( 159 p) D1.0 • ah ( ??? p) D1.0 • ai ( ??? p) D1.0 802.11-2016 Publication ~ 4000

  36. Unlicensed SPectrum

  37. Unlicensed Frequency Bands <700 MHz 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5 Ghz 60 GHz

  38. a n j y 802.11 b g n Spectrum for current PHY Amendments 6 GHz 5 GHz 4 GHz 3 GHz 2 GHz 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Calendar Time

  39. 100 GHz 10 GHz .1 GHz 1 GHz Spectrum – Forward Looking ad a n j y 802.11 b g n ah 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

  40. Further Information

  41. Further Details Follow 802.11z TDLS 802.11s Mesh 802.11 -2007 802.11r Fast Roam MAC e QoS 802.11u WIEN 802.11k RRM h DFS & TPC 802.11V Network Management 802.11aa Video Transport 802.11Y Contention Based Protocol i Security 802.11ai FILS f Inter AP Smart Grid 802.11ae QoS Mgmt Frm 802.11p WAVE 802.11mb Revision 802.11 ah a 54 Mbps 5GHz 802.11n High Throughput (>100 Mbps) 802.11af TVWS g 54 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ac VHT 5GHz 802.11W Management Frame Security 802.11b (’99) 11 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ad VHT 60GHz PHY Published Amendment Discussion Topics Study groups WG Letter Ballot Sponsor Ballot TG without draft Published Standard

  42. 802.11n - High Throughput Overall project goals Much higher data rates 20 & 40 MHz channel band widths 1 to 4 spatial streams 1 stream for Client (Mandatory) 2 stream for Access Point (Mandatory) ½ Guard Interval 56 tones (in 20MHz) 5/6 coding Green Field preamble Block aggregation Maximum PHY throughput of 600Mbps Better Range Beam Steering Status: Published 2009

  43. TGn Throughput

  44. 802.11P Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Defines enhancements to support data exchange between high-speed vehicles and between these vehicles and the roadside infrastructure in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz. Applications planned within the ITS domain (ITS services), including: collision avoidance traveller information toll collection commercial vehicle operations transit operations traffic management connecting the vehicle to the Internet. Status: Published 2010

  45. 802.11s MESH An amendment to create a Wireless Distribution System with automatic topology learning and dynamic wireless path configuration. Target number of packet forwarding nodes: ~32 Support unicast and broadcast/multicast traffic Use 802.11i security or an extension thereof Extensible routing to allow for alternative forwarding path selection metrics and/or protocols Use the 802.11 four-address frame format or an extension Interface with higher layers and connect with other networks using higher layer protocols Status: Produced draft 4.0 – preparing to go to Sponsor Ballot Publication expected fall 2011

  46. Classic 802.11 Wireless LAN BSS = Basic Service Set Wired Infrastructure AP AP AP STA STA STA AP STA STA STA STA STA ESS = Extended Service Set≈ SSID = radio link Wireless Paradox: WLAN Access Points are Typically Wired

  47. Unwire the WLAN with Mesh Wired Infrastructure Mesh AP Mesh AP Mesh Point Mesh AP STA STA STA Mesh AP STA STA STA STA STA ESS = Extended Service Set≈ SSID = mesh radio link

  48. MESH Tutorial Title: IEEE 802.11 MESH Date: Monday 14 March 2011 Time: 19:30-21:00 Location: Marina Bay Sands, Sands Ballroom Registration fee: None http://ieee802.org/Tutorials.shtml

  49. Tgu – Wireless Interworking Background As IEEE 802.11 hotspot deployment has become more widespread throughout the world. The growth of hotspots has resulted in more users becoming frustrated with the non uniformity of interworking systems (e.g. poor service definition, disparate registration procedures, non-ubiquitous roaming). Generically these issues have been referred to as interworking, which refers to the functionality and interface between an IEEE 802.11 access network and any external network.

  50. Tgu – Wireless Interworking Objectives The primary objective of IEEE 802.11u, is to create an amendment to address interworking issues between an IEEE 802.11 access network and any external network to which it is connected. Interworking, is actually a collection of different functionalities: Online Enrolment Network Selection Security Authorization from Subscriber Network Media Independent Handover Support Status: Last Draft balloted was D 13.0 – Published Feb 2011

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