Mobile Power Sources

1. Mobile Power Sources Team 7

2. Introduction • Chemical Batteries • Mechanical Energy • Wireless Energy • Butane Energy

3. How a Battery Works http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/battery-videos-playlist.htm#video-29391

4. Chemical Batteries • Nickel Cadmium • NiCd • Nickel Metal Hydride • NiMH • Lithium Ion • Li-Ion • Lithium Polymer • LiPo

5. Nickel Cadmium • Nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode • Metallic Cadmium for negative electrode • 1.2 volts per cell • 70-90% discharge • Self discharge approx. 10%/month • Rechargeable • Memory Effect • 2000 cycles

6. Nickel Metal Hydride • Similar to NiCd • Uses nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode • Hydrogen absorbing alloy for negative electrode • 1.2 volts per cell • 66% charge/discharge efficiency • 1-2% per month self discharge • Rechargeable • 500-1000 cycles • Memory Effect

7. Lithium Ion • No Memory Effect • Lithium Ions move from negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge and back during charge • 3.6 volts per cell • 400-1200 cycles • 80-90% charge/discharge efficency • 8-31% self discharge (temperature dependent) • Lightweight

8. Lithium Polymer • Still a lithium ion battery with different guts • Lithium salt electrolyte is held in solid polymer instead of organic solvent • 99.8% charge/discharge efficiency • 5% per month self discharge rate • 1000 or more cycles • 24-36 month durability

9. Future Mechanical Batteries • Nanogenerators • Plastic Supercapacitor • Extending battery life

10. Nanogenerators • Georgia Institute of Technology • Dr. Zhong Lin Wang • Small movements to generate power • Device able to power LCD screens and power radio signals • Devices powered by body movement • 5 years

11. Nanogenerators • Zinc oxide nanowires • Peizoelectric effect • 5 nano-generators • http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/podcast/power-shirt.mov

12. Nanogenerators • Advantages • Powered by body movements • Small • No batteries or electrical outlets • Disadvantages • Sensitive to moisture

13. Plastic Supercapacitor • Plastic supercapacitor • Imperial College London & Volvo • Plastic able to store electric charge • Like traditional battery • Greener • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ7A51h6cwU&feature=player_embedded

14. Plastic Supercapacitor • Advantages • Green • Wearable • Longer lasting with little degradation • Small and conformable • Disadvantages • Concept idea • Not fully tested yet

15. Extending Battery Life • Present flash memory • Bits stored as charges • Slow • High programming voltages • Future flash memory • University of Illinois Engineers • Ultra low-power digital memory

16. Extending Battery Life • Phase-Change Material(PCM) • Alternative to current flash memory • Bit stored in resistance • Switchable • Carbon nanotube • Small size • Nanoscale contacts

17. Extending Battery Life • Advantages • Faster • Not susceptible to degradation • Immune to accidental erasure • Low power consumption • Small • No batteries or outlets needed • Disadvantages • Cost disadvantage compared to regular flash • Sensitive to temperature to perform well

18. The Tesla Effect

19. What is the Tesla Effect? • The transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires • First demonstrated in 1891

20. How Does it Work? • Built on the principal of resonant coupling • Electromagnetic field http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/30/the-wireless-future-of-energy-tranfer/

21. Limitations • The size • Range • Efficiency • Cost www.techberth.com/2011/04/wireless-resonant-energy/&usg

22. Products out today • Powermat • Duracell MyGrid • Energizer Inductive Charger

23. The Future! • No more wires cluttering areas • No more outlets in the wall • All devices will be charged/charging without the needing to be plugged in

24. Butane Power Cell • Company history • Reasons for using the cell • Technology concerns • Technical information/operation • The future of the company and product

25. Company history • Silicon Power Cell • Lilliputian Systems Inc • Founded by former MIT students in 2002 • $50 billion portable power market • Raised over $90 million in venture capital funding

26. Technology concerns • Why consider butane power cells? • Incremental growth in the lithium industry • Technology Concerns • Environmentally friendly • Approved for aircraft • Improved volumetric density • Improved gravimetric energy density • Cost • $99 for the power cell • $2 for replacement cartridges

27. Butane Power Cell prototype

28. Technical information • Proton-Exchange Membrane vs Solid Oxide • Why the butane market is almost non-existent • Temperature!

29. Future of the Butane Power Cell • Future of Lilliputian Systems • Partnership with Intel to manufacture wafers • Intel’s equity stake

30. Conclusion

31. Sources http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/0310batteries_EricPop.html http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-technology-battery-life-mobile-devices.html http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/power-shirt.htm http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/30/future-iphones-charged-heartbeat-experts-say/ http://www.themobileindian.com/news/908_Future-perfect:-battery-less-mobile-phones http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2010/02/08/supercapacitor-promises-end-to-batteries/1 • http://hothardware.com/News/The-Death-Of-The-Battery-Is-Upon-Us-Plastic-Supercapacitor-Could-Recharge-Gizmos/ http://www.talk2myshirt.com/blog/archives/3643 • http://www.lilliputiansystemsinc.com/

32. Sources Cont. • Winter, M.; Brodd, J. (2004). "What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?" (PDF). Chemical Review 104 (104): 4245. doi:10.1021/cr020730k. Retrieved 2010-07-25. • Toshiba (2007-12-11). "Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business". Press release. Retrieved 2009-06-25. • http://www.powerstream.com/NiCd.htm • http://www.powerstream.com/NiMH.htm