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Oxides of NItrogen

Oxides of NItrogen. Lauren Kastner , Matthew Sullivan, Kristen Hackman. NOx !!!. NO x = NO and NO 2 Main Sources: Combustion of fossil fuels Natural sources. Health Effects. High concentration Nox Lung irritation Increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases Harmful to asthmatics

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Oxides of NItrogen

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  1. Oxides of NItrogen Lauren Kastner,Matthew Sullivan, Kristen Hackman

  2. NOx!!! • NOx= NO and NO2 • Main Sources: • Combustion of fossil fuels • Natural sources

  3. Health Effects • High concentration Nox • Lung irritation • Increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases • Harmful to asthmatics • Young children and elderly • Secondary Pollutants- ozone and particulate matter

  4. Environmental Effects • NOx- • Acidification and eutrophication • Ozone • Damage to crops and vegetation • Decreased crop yield • So what is the market failure?

  5. Catalytic Converter • Two-Way • 1. Oxidation of carbon monoxides  carbon dioxides • 2. Oxidation of hydrocarbons  CO2 and water • Used on diesel engines • Three-Way • Nitrogen oxides  nitrogen and oxygen • Oxidation of carbon monoxide  CO2 • Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons  CO2 and water

  6. Coal- Compliance Technology • Low-NOx Burner Technology • Combustion prevents NOx from being formed • Used in over 370 coal-fired units • Scrubbers (Add-On) • Removes NOx before emitted

  7. Nitrogen Dioxide in the United States EPA, 2010

  8. Clean Air Act • 1963 Clean Air Act • Subsequent CAA amendments: • 1967, 1970, 1977 • 1970 CAA made NAAQS enforceable by EPA • Focused mostly on automobile emissions • 1990: NOx targets • 1990 focus on stationary sources because of acid rain legislation

  9. State Implementation Plan • 1990 goal: reduce 2 million tons of NOx emissions below 1980 levels by 2000 • All states submit plan for implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of NAAQS • 18-36 months • Primary standard • Secondary standard • Attainment, nonattainment, unclassifiable • Reviewed by EPA • Federal implementation plan (FIP) if SIP fails review

  10. Acid Rain Program • Directed at coal-fired electric utility boilers • SO2 main focus of ARP • Triggered NOx programs • Phase 1: • 1996-1999: 400,000 tons/year • Phase 2: • 2000: 1.17 million tons/year • Market based allowances • Utilities choose their compliance method • 2000 goal: below 8.1 million tons • All 960 units achieved compliance

  11. Acid Rain Program Figure 4: NOx Emission Trends for All Acid Rain Program Units, 1990–2009 EPA, 2010

  12. Regional Trading Programs • 1994 Regional Clean Air Incentive Market (RECLAIM) • Southern California cap and trade program • Across sectors (power generation, cement, etc.) • Critique: Price volatility and power shortage • 2003-2008 NOx Budget Trading Program (NBP) • 19 east coast states • Intended to reduce ground level ozone in summer • 2008 budget: ~528,000 tons • Success: 75 percent lower than in 1990

  13. Clean Air Interstate Rule 2009 • State specific emissions trading program • 28 states and D.C. • Midwest and East • Replaced NBP • Two choices at a state’s discretion: • Interstate cap and trade in two phases • Meet individual state budget (assigned by EPA) through method of state’s choosing • Controlling power plant emissions is cost-effective

  14. Clean Air Interstate Rule

  15. Reduction Results • All areas in the U.S. meet the current (1971) NO2standards • 53 ppb standard • Current average: 10-20 ppb • 2010 NAAQS rule • 1-hour NO2 standard at level of 100ppb • Short-term exposure to NO2 • County, urban monitoring • 2011 proposed NAAQS rule • Review of secondary NAAQS • Protection of lakes and streams

  16. Canada • International Regime: • 1979 UN Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution= UNECE LRTAP • Signed & Ratified! • NOx Protocol (1988) • Protocol to Abate Acidificaiton, Euthrophication and Ground-Level Ozone (1999)

  17. National • CEPA=Canadian Environmental Protection Act • "An Act respecting pollution prevention and the protection of the environment and human health in order to contribute to sustainable development.” • Under CEPA 1999, On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emissions Regulations (2004) • “National Emissions Mark”

  18. Provincial Level-Ontario • Anti-Smog Action Plan • Canada-Wide Acid Rain Strategy • Clean energy projects to offset coal-powered electricity generation • Industry Emissions Reduction Plan (IERP) • Set cap on industrial sector

  19. Canada-US NOx Relations • Image

  20. Canada-US Air Quality Agreement, 1991 • Under International Joint Commission (IJC) • Addressed transboundary air pollution that leads to acid rain • Acid Rain Annex • Prevention of air quality deterioration • Visibility protection • Emission monitoring • Ozone Annex • Ground-level ozone • PEMA (Pollutant Emission Management Area)

  21. Progress • Both Canada and US continue to meet goal provided by the agreement • Canada: • Transportation continue to be main source • 53% of emissions • US: • Clean Air Act

  22. NOx in the UK • ~50% decrease in emissions since 1990 • 33%-transportation (49% with off-road vehicles) • 20%-power generation

  23. European Union NOx Policy • 1988 Sofia Protocol • Required countries to reduce NOx emissions below1987 levels by 1995 • 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone • Multi-pollutant, multi-effect (SO2, NOx, VOC, NH3) • Critical loads

  24. EU Supranational Policy • National Emission Ceilings Directive (2001/81/EC) • Sets upper limits for each member state with regard to 4 pollutants • UK codified into law with National Emission Ceiling Regulations 2002 • No teeth

  25. EU Supranational Policy • Air Quality Framework Directive (Council Directive 96/62/EC) • Described methods of monitoring and determined target pollutants • First Daughter Directive (Council Directive 1999/30/EC) • Described limits and thresholds for managing air quality with regard to several pollutants (coordinated with Gothenburg Protocol) • Third Daughter Directive (Directive 2002/3/EC) • Set standards for monitoring of ozone and NOx

  26. EU Supranational Policy • Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (2008/1/EC) • Permit allocation system • Integrated approach-addresses several environmental concerns • Best Available Techniques • Widespread information exchange • Flexibility for licensing authorities • E-PRTR (public information provision)

  27. EU Supranational Policy • Large Combustion Plants Directive (Directive 2001/80/EC) • Oldest plants can join National Emissions Reduction Program • Newer must be built/made to comply

  28. Euro emissions standards (auto) • Begun in 1993 • Initially, design standards requiring catalytic converters • Now performance standards • Road transportation accounted for 53% of NOx emissions in 1993

  29. UK Domestic NOx Policy • National Air Quality Strategy • Reported by Environment Agency • Sets objectives and identifies measures to be used by local authorities • Never less stringent than EU requirements

  30. UK Domestic Policy • Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) • Local authorities are required to review and assess quality of air in region with respect to several pollutants. • If objectives are not met, region is designated as Air Quality Management Area (AQMA), and authorities must provide action plan.

  31. Measures for AQMA: • Corporate commitment to putting air quality at the heart of the decision making process • Commitment to working closely with authorities responsible for highways and/or environmental regulation where trunk roads and/or industrial sources are major local sources of pollution • Local traffic management measures to limit access to, or re-route traffic away from, problem areas. Low emission zones are a possible solution • Commitment to developing or promoting green travel plans and/or to using cleaner-fuelled vehicles in the authority’s own fleet

  32. LAQM (cont.) • Strategy for informing members of the public about air quality issues, perhaps via local newsletters or other media • Quality partnerships with bus or fleet operators to deliver cleaner, quieter vehicles • In the longer term, perhaps, congestion charging schemes and/or workplace parking levies • Hot spots were expected, non-compliance has been the norm • In 93% of AQMA’s, NO2 is the culprit (along with transportation • Action planning has had a limited impact • Other possibilities: transport, land planning, climate change

  33. Thank you • Questions?

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