Islamic Scientists “ Read in the name of your Lord Who created .” [Koran: 96.1] “ Taught man what he knew not. ” [Kora

1. Islamic Scientists“Read in the name of your Lord Who created.” [Koran: 96.1]“Taught man what he knew not. ”[Koran:96.5] INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

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3. Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780-850AD) • Al-Khwarizmi made major contributions to the fields of algebra, trigonometry, astronomy/astrology, geography and cartography. • Al-Khwarizmi writes Al-jabr wa'l Muqabalah, from which we derive the word "Algebra", which gives algorithms for finding the positive solutions to all equations of the first and second degree (linear and quadratic). His systematic and logical approach gave shape to the discipline of algebra. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

4. Al-Khwarizmi was one of the first to compute astronomical and trigonometrical tables. • Al-Khwarizmi uses geometrical figures to explain algebraic equations. • Al-Khwarizmi wrote on Hindu-Arabic numerals • Al-Khwarizmi was the first to use zero as a place holder in positional base notation. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

5. JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Geber)(before 776 ?-803) (Father of Chemistry) • Jabir's major contribution was in the field of chemistry. • He introduced experimental investigation into alchemy, which rapidly changed its character into modern chemistry. Emphasis on systematic experimentation. • His contribution of fundamental importance to chemistry includes perfection of scientific techniques such as crystallization, distillation, calcination, sublimation and evaporation and development of several instruments. • The very name chemistry is derived from the Arabic word al-Kimya. • The discovery of mineral and others acids, notably nitric, hydrochloric, citric and tartaric acids • Kitab-al-Kimya, and Kitab al-Sab'een. • Technical terms devised by Jabir, such as alkali. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

6. IBN SINA (AVICENNA) (980-1037 )doctor of doctors • Ibn Sina has works in philosophy, medicine, theology, metaphysics, geometry and astronomy, arithmetic and music. • Kitab al-Shifa' (The Book of Healing):a scientific encyclopedia covering logic, natural sciences, psychology, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music. • Al-Qanun al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine): containing about one million words… INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

7. The treatise on cardiac drugs. • Ibn Sina advised surgeons to treat cancer in its earliest stages, ensuring the removal of all the diseased tissue. • He recommended the testing of a new drug on animals and humans prior to general use. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

8. Al-Razi (Rhazes) (864-930) • Chemist, physicist and philosopher. • Al-Hawi: the largest medical encyclopedia composed by then. • Kitab al-Judari wa al- Hasabah: the first treatise on smallpox and chicken-pox. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

9. He also discovered ethanol and its refinement and use in medicine. • he greatly favoured cure through correct and regulated food • He was also an expert surgeon and was the first to use opium for anaesthesia. • Kitab-al-Asrar: deals with the preparation of chemical materials and their utilization. • As a chemist, he was the first to produce sulfuric acid together with some other acids • He has more than 200 outstanding scientific contributions to his credit. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

10. MuhammadAl –Ghazali (1058-1111 ) • Al-Ghazali is one of the greatest Islamic Jurists, theologians and mystical thinkers. • He wrotes many treatises, including a classification of the sciences; and on the education of the child. • He also criticised speculative theology and philosophy. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

11. IBN KHALDUN(1332-1382) • Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in the fields of philosophy, history and sociology. • Muqaddimah (Prolegomena): masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology. INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

12. By this work, Ibn Khaldun aimed at identifying psychological, economic, environmental and social facts that contribute to the advancement of human civilization and the currents of history. In this context, he analyzed the dynamics of group relationships and showed how group-feelings, al-'Asabiyya, give rise to the ascent of a new civilisation and political power and how, later on, its diffusion into a more general civilization invites the advent of a still new 'Asabiyya in its pristine form. He identified an almost rhythmic repetition of rise and fall in human civilization, and analyzed factors contributing to it. • Unlike most earlier writers interpreting history largely in a political context, Ibn Khaldun's emphasised environmental, sociological, psychological and economic factors governing the apparent events. This revolutionized the science of history and also laid the foundation of Umraniyat (Sociology). INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org