Girding for War: The North & the South

1. Girding for War:The North & the South 1861 - 1865

2. President of the Disunited States of America • Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861 • 7 states had already seceded, 8 more were trying to decide • Inaugural address – there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it • Why will the North and South be difficult to separate? • How would things been different if there was a clean split?

3. A Split in the Union? • Split brought up questions about the sharing of the national debt & the allocation of federal territories • Split would please European countries: WHY? • US was the only major display of democracy in the Western Hemisphere • Monroe Doctrine could be broken

4. SC Assails Fort Sumter • South seized all arsenals, mints, & other public property within their territory • Fort Sumter • Occupied by Northern troops who needed supplies • What became the Northern / Lincoln Plan?

5. Lincoln’s Plan • Lincoln decided to send supplies to troops • promised Governor Pickens(SC) that he was not sending more men or weapons, just provisions. • South demanded surrender of Fort Sumter • Grounds for war if North sent supplies

6. The War Begins (April 12, 1861) • South fired on Fort Sumter • 34 hour bombardment- no lives lost • Northern troops surrendered • The Civil War had begun • Did this FIRST shot by the South work out better for the North or the South?

7. “Remember Fort Sumter” • Provoked the North to fight • Gen. Scott Commander of the Army (75 yrs. old) • April 14, 1861 – Lincoln called for 75,000 union troops • April 19 & 27, 1861 - ordered a blockade of Southern ports • 4 more states seceded • VA, Ark., Tenn., & NC • Capital of Confederacy moved from Montgomery to Richmond

8. The Valuable Border States • Border States • MO, KY, MD, Del, & later WV • WV split from VA in 1861 over secession • MD, MO, & KY would almost double the manufacturing capacity of the South & increase by nearly half its supply of horses & mules • Ohio River – Cumberland & Tennessee Rivers was where much of the Confederacy’s grain, gunpowder, & iron was produced • What did Lincoln mean when he said, “I hope to have God on my side, but I have to have Kentucky.”? • This is my trusty steed Cupcake 

9. Lincoln deals with the Border States • Lincoln: • In MD declared marital law & sent in troops • Sent federal troops to WV & MO • He declared publicly that he was not fighting to free slaves • Declared that his goal was to get the Union back together. Why not focus on slavery? • Indian Territory mainly sided with the South

10. Brother’s Blood • Many brothers fought against each other • Particularly in the border states • Northerners fought on the side of the South and vice versa • Senator Crittenden’s sons fought on opposite sides • Lincoln’s wife had 4 brothers who fought for the Confederacy • Old Cupcake again!

11. South Fighting defensively on familiar territory Strong support Strong military leadership **** Southerners were well trained Didn’t have to win the war. WHY? Shortage of supplies North Economy***** Large population 22 million to 9 million (3.5 were slaves) Immigrants Industry Abundant resources Shipping Railway system – 75 % Abraham Lincoln Advantages/ Strengths

12. South Small population Economy Few factories Few railroads – 25% Belief in states’ rights/ government lacked power Lack of supplies North Had to invade the South Public opinion was divided/ support was shaky Northerners were not as experienced as Southerners Disadvantages/ Weaknesses

13. The Balances of Forces • Make an argument that focuses on how the South had many of the same characteristics as the colonists during the American Revolution. List the similarities. List the differences.

14. Dethroning King Cotton • South depended on foreign intervention • didn’t get it • Many Europeans were pro-North & anti-slavery. Why? • Uncle Tom and Uncle Sam are good buddies! • Shortage of cotton during war? • England & France had a surplus. Not as bad off. • As North won Southern territory, they sent cotton & food to Europe • India & Egypt upped their cotton production • **Result** – Europe needed more wheat & corn from the North than cotton from the South • Would rather have food than jobs. • If Corn is now King then who is the Queen? • It is anyone’s guess!

15. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy • Crisis • 1861 – Union warship stopped the British mail steamer theTrent & forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe • Lincoln released the prisoners & tension cooled • “One war at a time!” - Lincoln

16. The Trent Affair

17. The Alabama • British build ships for the Confederacy (unarmed) • 1862 – the Alabama went to the Portuguese Azores & took on weapons & crew from Britain • Never actually arrived in the South • Destroyed in 1864 off the coast of France • Charles Francis Adams • persuaded Britain not to build any more ships for the Confederacy • Could be used against England in the future

18. The Alabama

19. Foreign Flare-Ups • Britain had two Laird rams • 2 Confederate warships that could destroy wooden Union ships • Britain decided to use ships in its Royal Navy • Near Canada • Confederate agents plotted to burn down American cities • Mini-armies raised by British-hating Irish-Americans sent to Canada • Napoleon III installed Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico • Where does this come from and why?

20. President Davis vs. President Lincoln • Problems for the South: • Gave states the ability to secede in the future (from the Confederacy) • Getting Southern states to send troops to help other states was difficult • J. Davis – never very popular • A. Lincoln – benefit of leading an established government

21. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Lincoln Illegally proclaimed a blockade Increased the size of the army & sent troops Advancement of $2 million to 3 private citizens for war purposes Suspended habeas corpus Intimidation of voters in border states. How did he intimidate? Justification: actions weren’t permanent & were needed to preserve the Union South refused to sacrifice state’s rights & therefore lost the war Was Lincoln right to take these liberties? Is he really a “simple Susan tyrant”? Why?

22. Volunteers & Draftees: The North • 1863 - Congress passed the first conscription law • Angered the poor because rich could hire a substitute by paying $300 to Congress • Riots broke out – New York City Draft Riot – 1863 • Volunteers manned more than 90% of the Union army • Later money was offered for service when volunteers became scarce • Many deserters

23. The South • Had to resort to a draft nearly a year before the North • Also included privileges for the rich • Those who owned 20+ slaves were exempt from the draft

24. The Economic Stresses of War • North - Morrill Tariff Act • Increased tariff rates by about 5-10% • Later increased more • Treasury issued green-backed paper money • Money was unstable & sank to as low as 39 cents per gold dollar • Treasury sold war bonds • Runaway inflation • 9000% inflation rate in the South • 80% for the Union

25. National Banking System • Created to establish a standard bank-note currency • Banks that joined could buy government bonds & issue sound paper money • 1st step towards a unified national banking network

26. The North’s Economic Boom • Emerged from the war more prosperous than before • A millionaire class was born • Many Union suppliers used shoddy equipment in their supplies • Sizes for clothing were invented • Reaper helped feed millions • 1859 – discovery of petroleum oil sent people to Pennsylvania

27. Women in War Times • Women gained new advances: • Took jobs left behind by men • Some posed as men & fought in the war • Clara Barton & Dorothea Dix • Helped transform nursing to a respectable profession • Sally Tompkins • Ran an infirmary for wounded in Richmond • Received rank as Captain from Davis

28. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom • South was ruined by the war • Transportation collapsed • Supplies became scarce • End of war, South claimed only 12% of the national wealth • Pre war – 30% • Per capita income –2/5 that of Northerners • Pre war – 2/3 of Northerners

29. South Defensive strategy Expected Britain & France to pressure the North so cotton supply would be restored North Blockade of Southern ports Gain control of Mississippi River Capture Richmond, Virginia War Aims & Strategies