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Economic Transformation: 1815-1860

Discover the evolution of the American economy post-1815, from Henry Clay’s "American System" to the Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution in the South. Explore the impact of protective tariffs, national banks, internal improvements, and transportation innovations on the nation's development. Witness the rise of a modern economy through key Supreme Court decisions, the expansion of commercial networks, and the transformation of the American household. Uncover the market revolution in the South, where cotton production soared, plantations thrived, and stark economic disparities emerged between wealthy planters and small farmers. Journey through the dynamic shifts that shaped the economic landscape of the United States during this pivotal period.

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Economic Transformation: 1815-1860

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  1. Chapter 9 The Market Revolution 1815-1860 Web

  2. Drive Toward a Modern Economy after 1815 • Henry Clay, “American System” • Protective tariffs • National bank • Internal Improvements • Second Bank of the United States chartered 1816 • National currency and centralized monetary and credit systems • Tariff of 1816 • Nation’s first overtly protective tariff • Favored by Northeast and west

  3. Drive Toward a Modern Economy after 1815 (cont.) • Internal improvements • National Road to link the Chesapeake and the trans-Appalachian West • Republican opposition to further federal action • States took up clause of canal construction and road building • Supreme Court decisions after 21816 affirmed power of federal government • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1816) • McCulloch V. Maryland (1816) • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

  4. The Transportation Revolution after 1815 • National Road completed in 1818 • Linked Potomac River with Ohio River at Wheeling, Virginia • Steamboat made commercial agriculture possible in the West • By 1820, 69 steamboats operating on western rivers • Erie Canal, 1825 • Stretched 364 miles from Buffalo to Albany • Funde3d by New York State • Encouraged other states to follow suit

  5. The Transportation Revolution after 1815 (cont.) • Railroads in use by 1820s • National system in use by the 1840s • Time and cost of long-distance transport considerably diminished • Foreign trade increased dramatically after 1840 • Unified national market uniting the industrial Northeast and mid- • Atlantic and the Commercial farms of the Old Northwest • South largely excluded

  6. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Rivers, Roads and Canals, 1825-1860

  7. Development of the North and West • Northeast became increasingly industrial and commercial • Old Northwest became agricultural center of nation • Beginnings of national commercial networks in place by 1840s • Even farmers had access to factory-made products • Material standards of living rose • More people, though, dependent on outside forces for their survival

  8. Development of the North and West (cont.) • Until 1830s, most settlers in Old Northwest were from Kentucky and Tennessee • Retained southern customs of farming and livestock raising • Preferred barter and informal contacts to pure monetary exchange • After 1830, large numbers of settlers began coming from the Northeast • Duplicated market-intensive farming methods of New England • Sought, often unsuccessfully, to impose order on nature

  9. Transformation of the American Household • Declining size of families, especially in the North • Sharper distinction between “male work” and “female work” • Increasing attention of women to childbearing • Growing attention to appearance of houses and yards • Search for privacy and comfort in the houses themselves • Declining reliance on neighborliness

  10. The Industrial Revolution Transforms Urban America • Rapid growth of cities between 1820 and 1870 • Nation’s first factories were textile mills in the northeast • Waltham system • Heavily capitalized factories with modern machinery • Young, female labor force

  11. The Industrial Revolution Transforms Urban America(cont.) • Development of a separate managerial structure separate from manufacturing itself • Factories not widespread except in textiles and a few other goods until the 1850s • Much production undertaken on subcontracted, or “sweated” basis • Women performed unskilled jobs • Skilled men did finishing work • Emerging social self-conceptions based on difference between manual and nonmanual work

  12. The Market Revolution in the South • Dramatic increase in cotton production after 1815 • Large plantations were extremely commercial operations • Utilized complex labor systems • More humane treatment of slaves after 1820 • Great gulf between wealthy planters and small farmers • Most small farmers lived in up-country

  13. The Market Revolution in the South (cont.) • Developed fiercely independent neighborhoods • Some practiced mixed farming for subsistence and neighborhood exchange • Yeoman farmers routinely traded labor and goods with one another • Great Planters among richest men in Western Hemisphere • Only ones in South to purchase commercial goods • Industrialized only as needed to support the plantation economy Web

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